Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat
        
        
        
        REFERENCES
Table of Contents
        References
      Ahmad M. 2013. Biochar as a sorbent for  contaminant management in soil and water: A review. Chemosphere. In Press. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071 (accessed 5 October 2018). 
Alaux C, Ducloz, F, Crauser D, Le Conte, Y. 2010. Diet  effects on honeybee immunocompetence. Biology Letters: rsbl20090986. 
Alexander  R. 2003a. A composting update: the way we were, and where we’re going.  Municipal Stormwater Management 13(1). 7 p.
Alexander  R. 2003b. Developing and implementing national erosion/sediment control  specifications for composted products. Durham (NH): Recycled Materials Resource  Center. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238798244_Developing_and_Implementing_National_ErosionSediment_Control_Specifications_for_Composted_Products (accessed  26 December 2018).
Allen  E, Espejel C, Sigüenza C. 1997. Role of mycorrhizae in restoration of marginal  and derelict land and ecosystem sustainability. In: Palm M, Capela I, editors.  Mycology in sustainable development: expanding concepts, vanishing borders.  Boone (NC): Parkway Publishers Inc. p. 147-159.
Amaranthus  M. 2002. Declaration of interdependence: mycorrhizal fungi are the ‘tiny little  secrets’ for planting success. Oregon Association of Nurserymen Digger.  46(4):48-53.
Amaranthus  M, Perry D. 1987. The effect of soil transfer on ectomycorrhiza formation and  the survival and growth of conifer seedlings on old, nonreforested clearcuts.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:944–950.
Amaranthus  M, Steinfeld D. 1997. Soil compaction after yarding of small-diameter  Douglas-fir with a small tractor in southwest Oregon. Portland (OR): USDA  Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Paper PNW-RP-504.  7 p.
Amaranthus  M, Steinfeld D. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation following biocide  treatment improves Calocedrus decurrens survival and growth in nursery and outplanting sites. In: Riley LE, Dumroese  RK, Landis TD, technical coordinators. National proceedings: forest and  conservation nursery associations–2004. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service,  Rocky Mountain Research Station. RMRS-P-35. p. 103-108.
Ament R, Begley J, Powell S, Stoy P. 2014.  Roadside Vegetation and Soils on Federal Lands – Evaluation of the Potential  for Increasing Carbon Capture and Storage and Decreasing Carbon Emissions. FHA  Report. 47 p.  Report for the Federal  Highway Administration, # DTFH68-07-E-00045. URL: http://www.montana.edu/spowell/FLMA%20Roadside%20Carbon%20Report%20Final_January2014.pdf (accessed 26 December 2018).
 Anderson H, Baumgartner D, editors. Forest soils of the  Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative  Extension Service. p. 113-120.
Anderson N, Hart J, Sullivan D, Christensen N,  Hornectk D, Pirelli G. 2013. Applying lime to raise soil pH for crop production  (western Oregon).  Oregon State  University Extension Service. EM 9057. URL: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9057 (accessed  5 October 2018). 
Andrus  C, Froehlich H. 1983. An evaluation of four implements used to till compacted  forest soils in the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis (OR): Forest Research  Laboratory. Research Bulletin 45. 12 p.
Anonymous.  [nd]. Mycorrhizae and revegetation of disturbed lands. Bozeman (MT): Montana  State University. URL: https://studylib.net/doc/7253715/mycorrhizae-and-revegetation-of-disturbed-lands (accessed 27 December 2018).
Araratyan  L, Zakbaryan S. 1988. On the contamination of snow along main highways.  Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii 41: 511-519. 
Archuleta J, Baxter E. 2008. Subsoiling promotes  native plant establishment on compacted forest sites. Native Plants Journal.  9:2 17-122. 
Applegate  G, Bragg A. 1989. Improved growth rates of red cedar (Toona australis (F. Muell.) Harms) seedlings in grow tubes in north  Queensland. Australian Forestry Journal 52(4):293-297.
Ashby  W, Vogel W. 1994. Tree planting on mined lands in the Midwest: a handbook.  Carbondale (IL): Southern Illinois University, Coal Research Center. 115 p.  URL: https://books.google.com/books/about/Tree_planting_on_mined_lands_in_the_Midw.html?id=iJEdAQAAMAAJ (accessed 26 December 2018).
American Association of State Highway and  Transportation Officials [AASHTO]. 2013. Chapter 8 Winter Operations and Salt,  Sand, and Chemical Management. URL: https://sicop-dev.transportation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2017/07/NCHRP_20-07318_Final-Report-2013.pdf (accessed 9 October 2018).
American Association of State Highway and  Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2013a. Chapter 9.1 Inventory of and  management for rare species and sensitive resources in the ROW. URL: http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/construct_maint_prac/compendium/manual/9_1.aspx (accessed 19 January 2016).
Association  of Official Seed Analysts [AOSA]. 2002. Rules for testing seeds. Stillwater  (OK): Association of Official Seed Analysts. 166 p.
Aubry  C, Shoal R, Erickson V. 2005. Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and  use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. Portland (OR):  USDA Forest Service. 41 p.
Bainbridge  D, Tisler J, MacAller R, Allen M. 2001. Irrigation and mulch effects on desert  shrub transplant establishment. Native Plants Journal 2(1):25-29.
Bainbridge  D. 1994. Tree shelters improve establishment on dry sites. Tree Planters’ Notes  45(1):13-16.
Bainbridge  D. 2006a. Beyond drip irrigation–hyper-efficient irrigation. In: American  Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting;  2006 July 9-12; Portland, OR. St Joseph (MI): American Society of Agricultural  and Biological Engineers. Paper 062071. 10 p.
Bainbridge  D. 2006b. Deep pipe irrigation. Holualoa (HI): Agroforestry Net Inc. 8p. URL: https://www.agroforestry.org/books/6-downloads?layout= (accessed  15 May 2007).
Bainbridge  D. 2006c. Irrigation for remote sites. San Diego (CA): San Diego State  University, Soil Ecology and Restoration Group. Restoration Bulletin 6. 20 p.
Ballard  T. 1981. Physical properties and physical behavior of forest soils. In: Heilman  P, Anderson H, Baumgartner D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region.  Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. P.  113-120.
 Barnar J. 2007. Personal communication. Bend (OR): USDA Forest  Service, Bend Seed Extractory. Manager.
Barnum  S. 2003. Identifying the best locations to provide safe highway crossing  opportunities for wildlife. In 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference  on Ecology and Transportation, edited by Irwin C, Garrett P, McDermott K.  Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina  State University, 2003. 246-252.
Barnum  S, Rinehart K, Elbroch M. 2007. Habitat, highway features, and animal-vehicle  collision locations as indicators of wildlife crossing. In Proceedings of the  2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by Irwin C,  Nelson D, McDermott K. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the  Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. 511-518.
 Barvenik F. 1994. Polyacrylamide characteristics related to soil  applications. Soil Science 158(4): 235-243.
Basey  A, Fant J, Kramer A. 2015. Producing native plant materials for restoration: 10  rules to collect and maintain genetic diversity. Native Plants Journal  16(1):37-52.
Baskin  J, Baskin C. 1989. Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried  seeds of Barbarea vulgaris. Canadian Journal of Botany 67:2131-2134.
Baxter E, Stephan E. 2011. Using biosolids to  establish native grasses on timber haul roads. Learning Summary. URL: http://resources.nativerevegetation.org/files/baxter2008_learnsum.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018). 
Bean  T, Smith S, Karpiscak M. 2004. Intensive revegetation in Arizona’s hot  desert–the advantages of container stock. Native Plants Journal 5(2):173-180.
Bedrossian  T. 1983. Watershed mapping in northern California. Californian Geology  36:140-147.
Beesley L, Moreno-Jimenez E, Gomex-Eyles, Harris  E, Robinson B, Sizmur T. 2011. A review of biochars' potential role in the  remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environmental  Pollution. 159 (2011) 3269-3282.
Bellot  J, Ortiz De Urbina J, Bonet A, Sanchez J. 2002. The effects of tree shelters on  the growth of Quercus coccifera L. seedlings in a semiarid environment.  Forestry 75(1):89-106.
Bentrup  G, Hoag J. 1998. The practical streambank bioengineering guide. Aberdeen (ID):  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. 150 p.  URL: https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/NM/BIO-48_The_Practical_Streambank_Bioengineering_Guide.pdf (accessed 27 December 2018).
Berger  R. 2005. Integrated roadside vegetation management. Washington (DC):  Transportation Research Board. 80 p.
Bergez  J, Cupraz C. 1997. Transpiration rate of Prunus  avium L. seedlings inside an unventilated treeshelter. Forest Ecology and  Management 97:255-264.
Black  S, Shepherd M, Vaughan M. 2011. Rangeland management for pollinators.  Rangelands 33(3):9-13.
Black  S, Fallon C, Hatfield R, Mazzacano, C. 2014. Controlled Burning and Mardon  Skipper: Summary of Mardon Skipper Coon Mountain Burn Site Occupancy Study Data  from 2009 to 2013. Report to the U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Zoo, and U.S. Fish  and Wildlife Service: 29.
Bloomfield  H, Handley J, Bradshaw A. 1982. Nutrient deficiencies and the aftercare of  reclaimed derelict land. Journal of Applied Ecology 19:151-158.
Bogemams  J, Nicrinck L, Stassart, J. 1989. Effect of deicing chloride salts on ion  accumulation in spruce (Picea abies (L.) sp.). Plant and Soil 113:3-11. 
Bollen  W. 1974. Soil microbes. In: Cramer O, editor. Environmental effects of forest  residues management in the Pacific Northwest. Portland (OR): USDA Forest  Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General  Technical Report PNW-24. P. B1-B41.
Blomqvist G, Johansson E, 1999. "Airborne  spreading and deposition of deicing salt case study”, Science of the Total  Environment, 235, 161-168. 
Bonar  R. 1995. The northern pocket gopher–most of what you thought you might want to  know, but hesitated to look up. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Technology  and Development Program. Technical Services, Reforestation TE02E11. 61 p.
Borland  J. 1990. Mulch–examining the facts and fallacies behind the uses and benefits  of mulch. American Nurseryman 172(4):132-141.
Bouchard N, Osmond D, Winston R, Hunt W. 2013.  The capacity of roadside vegetated filter strips and swales to sequester  carbon. Ecological Engineering. Vol 54:227-232. 
Bower  A, St. Clair J, Erickson V. 2014. Generalized provisional seed zones for native  plants. Ecological Applications, 24(5), pp:913-919.
Bowman D, Cramer G, Devitt D. 2006. Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Status on Nitrogen Uptake by Tall Fescue Turf. Journal of Plant Nutrition 29:1481‐1490. 
Bradshaw  A, Marrs R, Roberts R, Skeffington R. 1982. The creation of nitrogen cycles in  derelict land. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.  Series B, Biological 296:557-561.
Bradshaw  A. 1992. The reclamation of derelict land and the ecology of ecosystems. In:  Jordan W, Gilpin M, Aber J, editors. Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach  to ecological restoration. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press. p.  53-74.
Brandle J and Nickerson H. 1996. Windbreaks for  snow management. 4 p. URL: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=natrespapers (accessed 27 December 2018). 
Brant  J, Henderson K, Uthe J. 2015. Integrated roadside vegetation management -  technical manual. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service and Iowa DOT's  Living Roadway Trust Fund. 105 p. URL: http://www.tallgrassprairiecenter.org/sites/default/files/irvm-technical-manual-2015-2_0_0.pdf (accessed  10 July 2016).
Breed M, Stead M, Ottewell K, Gardner M, and Lowe A. 2013. Which  provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing  environment. Conservation Genetics. Vol 14:1-10. 
Brejda  J, Yocom D, Moser L, Waller S. 1993. Dependence of 3 Nebraska Sandhills  warm-season grasses on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Journal of Range  Management 46(1):14-20.
Brock  T. 2016. The Bradley method for control of invasive plants. URL: http://courses.washington.edu/ehuf462/462_mats/bradley_method.pdf (accessed  11 July 2016).
Brooks  C, Blaser R. 1964. Effect of fertilizer slurries used with hydroseeding on seed  viability. Washington (DC): Highway Research Board. Highway Research Record  53:30-34.
Brown J. 2016. A field study of biochar amended  soils: water retention and nutrient removal from stormwater runoff. Presented  at 2016 US Biochar Initiative Conference. Corvallis OR. 29p. 
Brown  J, Maddox J, Splittstoesser W. 1983. The effect of fertilizer and strip mine  spoil on germination and growth of legumes. In: Graves D, editor. Proceedings  1983 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology and reclamation.  Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky. P. 419-422.
Brown  M, Wolf D, Morse R, Neal J. 1982. Survival of rhizobium inoculum in  hydroseeding slurries. In: Graves D, editor. Proceedings 1982 symposium on  surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology and reclamation. Lexington (KY):  University of Kentucky. p. 681-685.
Brown  R, Amacher M. 1999. Selecting plant species for ecological restoration: a  perspective for land managers. In: Holzworth L, Brown R, compilers.  Revegetation with native species: Proceedings, 1997 Society for Ecological  Restoration annual meeting; 1997 November 12- 15; Ft Lauderdale, FL. Ogden  (UT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings  RMRS-P-8. p. 1-16.
Brown R, Gores J. 2011. The use of soil  amendments to improve survival of roadside grasses. HortScience 46(10):  1404-1410. 
Brunsden  D, Prior D. 1984. Slope instability. Chichester (UK): John Wiley and Sons Ltd.  620 p.
Brunzel  S, Elligsen H, Frankl R. 2004. Distribution of the Cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae L. at landscape scale:  use of linear landscape structures in egg laying on larval hostplant exposures.  Landscape Ecology 19(1), 21-27.
Bryson G, Barker A. 2002. Sodium accumulation in  soils and plants along Massachusetts roadsides. Communications in Soil Science  and Plant Analysis 33(1-2), 67-78. 
Brzozowski  C. 2003. Carpets of grass [online]. Santa Barbara (CA): Forester Communications  Inc., Erosion Control. URL: http://www.forester.net/ecm_0301_carpets.html (accessed  18 August 2004).
Brzozowski  C. 2004. Hydroseeding: a versatile alternative [online]. Santa Barbara (CA):  Forester Communications Inc, Erosion Control. URL: http://www.forester.net/ecm_0401_hydroseeding.html (accessed  18 August 2004).
Bureau  of Land Management [BLM]. 1994. Record of decision for the final supplemental  environmental impact statement on management of habitat for late-successional  and old growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted  owl. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service. 475 p.
Bureau  of Land Management [BLM]. 2002. A collaborative approach for reducing wildland  fire risks to communities and the environment: 10-year comprehensive strategy.  URL: https://www.loc.gov/item/2002418530/  (accessed 27 December 2018).
Burghardt  K, Tallamy D, Shriver, W. 2009. Impact of native plants on bird and butterfly  biodiversity in suburban landscapes. Conservation Biology 23:219–224.
Burroughs  Jr E, King J. 1989. Reduction of soil erosion on forest roads. Ogden (UT): USDA  Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. General Technical Report  INT-264. 22 p.
Busse  M. 2000. Ecological significance of nitrogen fixation by actinorrhizal shrubs  in interior forests of California and Oregon. In: Powers R, Hauxwell D,  Nakamura G, technical coordinators. Proceedings of the California Forest Soils  Council conference on forest soils biology and forest management. Albany (CA):  USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. General Technical  Report GTR-PSW-178. p. 23-41.
Calderone  N. 2012. Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: trend  analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009. PLoS ONE 7(5) e37235.
California  Department of Transportation [Caltrans]. 2003. Caltrans erosion control new  technology report. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation.  CTSW-RT-03-049. 463 p.
California  Stormwater Quality Association [CASQA]. 2003a. EC-3 Hydraulic mulch. In:  Construction Handbook [online]. Menlo Park (CA): California Stormwater Quality  Association. 3 p. URL: http://www.cabmphandbooks.com (accessed 20 January 2006).
California  Stormwater Quality Association [CASQA]. 2003b. EC-5 Soil binders. In:  Construction Handbook [online]. Menlo Park (CA): California Stormwater Quality  Association. 7 p. URL: http://www.cabmphandbooks.com (accessed 20 January 2006).
Cane J. 1991. Soils of ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera:  Apoidea): texture, moisture, cell depth and climate. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society: 64(4): 406-413. 
Campbell K, Helgested E, Shaw E, Hawkes G.  1980. Western fertilizer handbook. Sacramento (CA): California Fertilizer  Association. 269 p.
Campbell R. 1986. Mapped genetic variation of  Douglas fir to guide seed transfer in southwest Oregon. Silvae Genetica 35:85-96.
Casement B, Timmermans J. 2007. Field shelterbelts for  soil conservation. Agdex 277/20-3. 8p. URL: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex2073/$file/277_20-3.pdf?Open (accessed 5  October 2018).
Carr  W, Ballard T. 1979. Effects of fertilizer salt concentration on viability of  seed and Rhizobium used for hydroseeding. Canadian Journal of Botany 57(7):701-704.
Carr  W, Ballard T. 1980. Hydroseeding forest roadsides in British Columbia for  erosion control. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35(1):33-35.
Carson  M, Kirkby M. 1972. Hillslope form and process. London (UK): Cambridge  University Press. 475 p.
Carvell  C. 2002. Habitat use and conservation of bumble bees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes.  Biological Conservation 103:33–49.
Chaplin-Kramer  R, Tuxen-Bettman K, Kremen C. 2011. Value of wildland habitat for supplying  pollination services to Californian agriculture. Rangelands 33(3):33-41.
Charvat  I, Tallaksen J, White J, Agwa H, Raley M, Slack S, Hebberger J, Gould E. 2000.  Mycorrhizal/ plant factors involved in roadside reclamation. St Paul (MN):  Minnesota Department of Transportation. Final Report - MN/RC-2000-30. 131 p.
Childs  S, Flint L. 1987. Effect of shadecards, shelterwoods, and clearcuts on  temperature and moisture environments. Forest Ecology and Management  18:205-217.
Claassen  V, Carey J. 2004. Regeneration of nitrogen fertility in disturbed soils using  composts. Compost Science and Utilization 12(2):145-152.
Claassen  V, Hogan M. 1998. Generation of water-stable soil aggregates for improved  erosion control and revegetation success. Sacramento (CA): California Department  of Transportation. Research Technical Agreement 53X461. 111 p.
Claassen  V, Hogan M. 2002. Soil nitrogen pools associated with revegetation of disturbed  sites in the Lake Tahoe area. Restoration Ecology 10(2):195-203.
Claassen  V, Marler M. 1998. Annual and perennial grass growth on nitrogen-depleted  decomposed granite. Restoration Ecology 6(2):175-180.
Claassen  V, Zasoski R, Southard R. 1995. Soil conditions and mycorrhizal infection  associated with revegetation of decomposed granite slopes. Sacramento (CA):  California Department of Transportation. Technical Report FHWA-CA-TL 96/1. 151  p.
Claassen  V, Zasoski R. 1994. The effects of topsoil reapplication on vegetation  reestablishment. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation. Technical  Report FHWA-CA-TL- 94/18. 52 p.
Claassen  V, Zasoski R. 1998. A comparison of plant available nutrients on decomposed  granite cut slopes and adjacent natural soils. Land Degradation and Development  9:35-46.
Claassen  V. 2006. Soil resource evaluation. Sacramento (CA): California Department of  Transportation. URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.641.6065&rep=rep1&type=pdf   (accessed  27 December 2018).
Clark  T, Stevenson M, Ziegelmayer K, Rutherford M, editors. 2001. Species and  ecosystem conservation: an interdisciplinary approach. New Haven (CT): Yale  University Press.
Cleary  B, Greaves R, Hermann R, editors. 1988. Regenerating Oregon forests, a guide  for the regeneration forester. 5th printing. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State  University Extension Service. 287 p.
Clevenger,  A, Huijser M. Wildlife  Crossing Structure Handbook Design and Evaluation in North America.  Lakewood Co.: U.S. Federal Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway  Division, 2011. Print.
Clevenger  A, Waltho N. 2000. Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife underpasses  in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology, 14(1), 47-56.
Clevenger  A, Waltho N. 2005. Performance indices to identify attributes of highway  crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals. Biological  Conservation 121:453-464.
Clewell  A, Rieger J, Munro J. 2005. Guidelines for developing and managing ecological  restoration projects. 2nd ed. Tuscon (AZ): Society for Ecologicial Restoration  International. URL: http://www.ser.org (accessed  20 Aug 2006).
Cole  D, Johnson D. 1981. The cycling of elements within forests. In: Heilman P,  Anderson H, Baumgartner D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region.  Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p.  185-198.
Cook  D, Nelson S. 1986. Effect of polyacrylamide on seedling emergence in crust-forming  soil. Soil Science 141:328-333.
Corkiki  L, Allen E, Merhaut D, Allen M, Downer J, Bohn J, Evans M. 2005. Effectiveness  of commercial mycorrhizal inoculants on the growth of Liquidambar styraciflua in plant nursery conditions. Journal of  Environmental Horticulture 23(2):72-96.
Cox T, Glover J, Van Tassel D, Cox C, DeHaan L.  2006. Prospects for Developing Perennial Grain Crops. BioScience. Vol. 56 No.8.  August 2006. URL: https://landinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/Bioscience_PerennialGrains.pdf (accessed 12/8/2016). 
Crémieux  L, Bischoff A, Müller-Schärer H, Steinger T. 2010. Gene flow from foreign  provenances into local plant populations: fitness consequences and implications  for biodiversity restoration. American Journal of Botany. 97(1): 94–100.
Crowder  W, Darris D. 1999. Producing Pacific Northwest native trees and shrubs in  hardwood cutting blocks or stooling beds. Portland (OR): USDA Natural Resources  Conservation Service. Technical Notes–Plant Materials No 24. 13 p.
Croxton  P, Hann J, Greatorex-Davis J, Sparks T. 2005. Linear hotspots? The floral and  butterfly diversity of green lanes. Biological Conservation 121:579–584. 
Curtis  M, Claassen V. 2005. Compost incorporation increases plant available water in a  drastically disturbed serpentine soil. Soil Science 170(12):13.
Dancer  W, Handley J, Bradshaw A. 1977. Nitrogen accumulation in kaolin mining wastes  in Cornwall. I. Natural communities. Plant and Soil 48:153-167.
Dancer  W. 1975. Leaching losses of ammonium and nitrate in the reclamation of sand  spoils in Cornwall. Journal of Environmental Quality 4(4):499-504.
Darboux  F, Huang C. 2005. Does soil roughness increase or decrease water and particle  transfer? Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:748-756.
Darris  D, Williams D. 2001. Native shrubs as a supplement to the use of willows as  live stakes and facines in western Oregon and western Washington. In: Haase D,  Rose R, editors. Proceedings of the conference: native plant propagation and  restoration strategies; 2001 Dec 12-13; Eugene, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon  State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p. 112-120.
Darris  D. 2002. Native shrubs as a supplement to the use of willows as live stakes and  facines in western Oregon and western Washington. Portland (OR): USDA Natural  Resources Conservation Service. Technical Notes–Plant Materials No 31. 10 p.
Daugovish  O, Downer J, Faber B, McGiffen M. 2006. Weed survival in yard waste mulch. Weed  Technology 21(1):59-65.
Davies  R. 1988a. Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment. I. The  effectiveness of various synthetic sheets compared. Forestry 61(2):89-105.
Davies  R. 1988b. Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment II.  Comparison of various sizes of black polythene mulches and herbicide treated  spot. Forestry 61(2):107-124.
DeByle  N. 1969. Black polyethylene mulch increases survival and growth of a Jeffrey  pine plantation. Tree Planters’ Notes 19(4):7-11.
Deere  D, Deere D. 1988. The rock quality designation (RQD) index in practice. In:  Kirkaldie L, editor. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes.  Philadelphia (PA): American Society of Testing Materials. ASTM Special  Publication 984. p. 91-101.
Denning  C, Prellwitz R, Reneria R, Rose E. 1994. Parameters for stability analysis. In:  Hall D, Long M, Remboldt M, editors. Slope stability reference guide for  national forests in the United States. Volume II. Washington (DC): USDA Forest  Service, Engineering Staff. EM 7170-13. p. 327-721.
DePuit  E, Coenenberg J. 1979. Responses of revegetated coal strip mine spoils to  variable fertilization rates, longevity of fertilization program, and season of  seeding. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University, Montana Agricultural  Experiment Station. Research Report 150. 81 p.
Di Pasquale G, Salignon M, Le Conte Y, Belzunces L, Decourtye  A, Kretzschmar A, Suchail S, Brunet J, Alaux C. 2013. Influence of pollen  nutrition on honey bee health: do pollen quality and diversity matter. PLOS  One 8(8): e72016. 
Dirig  R, Cryan J. 1991. The status of silvery blue subspecies (Glaucopsyche lygdamus lygdamus and G. l. couperi: Lycaenidae) in New York. Journal of the  Lepidopterists' Society 45(4):272-290.
Dixon  R, Carr A. 2001a. Land imprinting specifications for ecological restoration and  sustainable agriculture. In: Ascough II J, Flanagan D, editors. Soil erosion  research for the 21st Century, proceedings of an international symposium; 2001  Jan 3-5; Honolulu, HI. St Joseph (MI): American Society of Agricultural Engineers.  ASAE.701P0007. p. 195-197.
Dixon  R, Carr A. 2001b. Preferential flow control: key to sustainable land  management. In: Bosch D, King K, editors. Preferential flow water: movement and  chemical transport in the environment, proceedings of the 2nd international  symposium; 2001 Jan 3-5; Honolulu, HI. St Joseph (MI): American Society of  Agricultural Engineers. ASAE.701P0006. p. 287-289.
Dixon R, Simanton J. 1977. A land  imprinter for revegetation of barren land areas through infiltration control.  IN Hydrology and water resources in Arizona and the southwester. Vol 7, p  79-88.
Dorner  J. 2002. An introduction to using native plants in restoration projects.  Seattle (WA): Plant Conservation Alliance and Environmental Protection Agency.  66 p.
Dreesen  D, Harrington J. 1997. Propagation of native plants for restoration projects in  the southwestern US–preliminary investigations. In: Landis T, Thompson J,  technical coordinators. National proceedings, forest and conservation nursery  associations. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research  Station. General Technical Report PNW- GTR-419. p. 77-88.
Dumroese  R, Jacobs D, Landis T. 2005. Successful stock production for forest  regeneration: what foresters should ask nursery managers about their crops (and  vice versa). In: Colombo S, editor. The thin green line: a symposium on the  state-of-the-art in reforestation, proceedings; 2005 July 26-28; Thunder Bay,  Ontario. Sault Ste Marie (Ontario): Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,  Forest Research Information Paper 160:14-20.
Dumroese  R, Stumph T, Wenny D. 1998. Revegating Idaho’s Henry’s Fork: a case study. In:  Rose R, Haase DL, editors. Native plants: propagation and planting; 1998 Dec  9-10; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery  Technology Cooperative. p. 108-112.
Dumroese  R. Landis T; Barnett J; Burch F. 2005. Forest Service Nurseries: 100 years of  ecosystem restoration. Journal of Forestry: 241-247. URL: https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25823 (accessed  5 October 2018).
Dumroese  R. 2006. Personal communication. Moscow (ID): USDA Forest Service, Southern  Research Station. Research Plant Physiologist.
Dupraz  C, Bergez J. 1997. Carbon dioxide limitation of the photosynthesis of Prunus avium L. seedlings inside an  unventilated treeshelter. Forest Ecology and Management 119(1):89-97.
Dyer  K, Curtis L, Willie R, Crews J. 1984. Response of vegetation to various mulches  used in surface mine reclamation in Alabama and Kentucky–7-year case history.  Broomhall (PA): USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.  General Technical Report NE-93. 11 p.
Eilers  E, Kremen C, Greenleaf S, Garber A, Klein AM. 2011. Contribution of  pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply. PLoS one  6(6)e21363.
Elzinga,  C, Salzer D, Willoughby J. 1998. Measuring and monitoring plant populations.  Denver (CO): USDI Bureau of Land Management. BLM Technical Reference 1730-1.  492 p.
Environmental  Protection Agency [EPA]. 1994. A  plain English guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule. EPA/832/H-93/003. EPA  Office of Waste Management. 183p.
Environmental  Protection Agency [EPA]. 1995.  Process design manual - land application of sewage sludge and domestic septage.  EPA/625/R-95/001. 301 p.
Environmental  Protection Agency [EPA]. 2006. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National  Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Appendix A - Definitions and  Acronyms: “Final Stabilization.” Washington (DC): US EPA, Office of Wastewater  Management. URL: https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cgp_appendixa.pdf (accessed 27 December 2018).
Epstein  E. 1997. The science of composting. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press LLC. 487 p.
Epstein  E. 2002. Land application of sewage sludge and biosolids. Boca Raton (FL): CRC  Press LLC. 201 p.
Erickson  V, Mandel N, Sorensen F. 2004. Landscape pattern of phenotypic variation and  population structuring in a selfing grass, Elymus  glaucus (blue wildrye). Canadian Journal of Botany 82:1776-1789.
Erickson  V, Wood J, Riley S. 2003. Guidelines for revegetation of invasive weed sites  and other disturbed areas on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific  Northwest. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 80 p.
Erickson  V. 2008. Developing native plant germplasm for national forests and grasslands  in the Pacific Northwest. Native Plants Journal 9:255–266.
Evans  R. 2006. Review of the application of polyacrylamides for soil erosion  reduction through sprinklers. Sidney (MT): USDA Agricultural Research Service.  4 p. URL: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/21563/Review%20of%20the%20App%20of%20Polyacrylamides%20for%20Soil%20Erosion.pdf (accessed  27 December 2018).
Fava E. 2015. Biosolids as a roadside soil  amendment. Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access) at the University  of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI. URL: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI10005034 (accessed 5 October 2018). 
Feber  R, Smith H, Macdonald D. 1996. The effects on butterfly abundance of the  management of uncropped edges of arable fields. Journal of Applied Ecology  33:1191–1205. 
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 1992. Drainable pavement systems - participant  notebook. (Demonstration Project 87). Publication No. FHWA-SA-92-008. Federal  Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 
Federal  Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2005. Project development and design manual  (PDDM). Publication Number FHWA-DF-88-003.
Federal  Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2005. Project development process flow chart.  Vancouver (WA): Western Federal Lands Highway Division. 206 p. URL: https://flh.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/design/tools/wfl/process/PD-Process.pdf  (accessed 5 October 2018).
Federal  Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2008. 2008 Status of the Nation’s highways,  bridges, and transit: conditions and performance. FHWA, Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2008cpr/pdfs/cp2008.pdf (accessed  5 October 2018).
Federal  Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2008(B). Vegetation Control for Safety – A guide  for Local Highway and Street Maintenance Personnel. FHWA, Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_rural/training/fhwasa07018/ (accessed  6 April 2017).
Federal  Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2010.  Carbon Sequestration Pilot Program, estimated land available for carbon  sequestration in the National Highway System. 24 p. 
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA].  2012. Road Weather Management Program, Snow and Ice. Website updated November  2012. URL: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/weather_events/snow_ice.htm (accessed 5 October 2018).
Federal Highway Administration  [FHWA].  2017. Clear Zones. URL: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/countermeasures/safe_recovery/clear_zones/ (accessed 5 October 2018).
Federal Highway Administration  [FHWA]. 2010. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/8692 (accessed 5 October 2018).
Federal  Register. Presidential Memorandum – Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the  Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators, The White House, Washington, D.C.,  June 20, 2014. 79 FR 35903.
Ferrick  M, Gatto L. 2004. Quantifying the effect of a freeze-thaw cycle on soil  erosion: laboratory experiments. Hanover (NH): US Army Corps of Engineers,  Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering  Laboratory. Letter Report A670134. 47 p.
Fidelibus  M, Bainbridge D. 2006. Microcatchment water harvesting for desert revegetation  [online]. San Diego (CA): San Diego State University, Soil Ecology and  Restoration Group. Restoration Bulletin 5. 12 p. URL: http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/SERG/techniques/microcatch.pdf (accessed 5 December 2006).
Fiedler A, Landis D, Arduser M. 2012. Rapid shift in  pollinator communities following invasive species removal. Restoration Ecology 20(5):593–602.
Fisher P, Argo W. 2005.  Electrical conductivity of growing media: why  is it important?  Greenhouse Management  and Production 25(5):54-58.  
Flint  A. 1983. Soil physical properties and available water capacity of southwest  Oregon forest soils [MS thesis]. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University. 61 p.
Flint  L, Childs SW. 1984. Seedling responses to heat and moisture environments in  clearcuts and shelterwoods. Forestry Intensified Research Report 6(2):3-4.
Foltz  R, Dooley J. 2003. Comparison of erosion reduction between wood strands and  agricultural straw. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural  Engineers 46(5):1389-1396.
Foltz. Wagenbrenner, N.S. 2010. An evaluation  of three wood shred blends for post-fire erosion control using indoor rain  events on small plots. Catena. 80: 86-94. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2009.09.00. 
Forman  R, Alexander L. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review  of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231.
Forman  R, editor. 2003. Road ecology: science and solutions. Washington (DC): Island  Press. 481 p.
Frankie  G, Thorp GW, Schindler M, Ertter B, Przybylski M. 2002. Bees in Berkeley?  Fremontia 30(3-4):50–58. 
Frearson  K, Weiss N. 1987. Improved growth rates within tree shelters. Quarterly Journal  of Forestry 81:184-187.
Fredricksen  RL, Harr RD. 1981. Soil, vegetation, and watershed management. In: Heilman P,  Anderson H, Baumgartner D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region.  Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p.  231-260.
Fifield J. 2004. Designing for effective sediment  and erosion control on construction sites - 2nd edition. Forester Press. 
Fritzsche C. 1992. Calcium magnesium acetate  deicer: An effective alternative for salt-sensitive areas. Water Environ Tech  WAETEJ. 4(1), 44-51. 
Froehlich  H, McNabb D. 1984. Minimizing soil compaction in the Pacific Northwest forests.  In: Stone EL, editor. Forest soils and treatment impacts. Proceedings of the  6th North American Forest Soil Conference; 1983 June 19-23; Knoxville, TN.  Knoxville (TN): University of Tennessee, Department of Forestry. p. 159-192.
Froehlich  H, Miles D. 1984. Winged subsoiler tills compacted forest soil. Forest Industries  111(2):42-43.
Froehlich  H, Robbins R, Miles D, Lyons JK. 1983. Monitoring recovery of compacted skid  trails in central Idaho. Contract 43-0256-2-543 [Special report for Payette  National Forest]. Located at: Payette National Forest, McCall, ID.
Froese  J, Cruse R, Ghaffarzadeh M. 1999. Erosion mechanics of soils with an  impermeable subsurface layer. Soil Science Society of America Journal  63:1836-1841.
Fryrear D and Skidmore E. 1985. Chapter 24.  Methods for controlling wind erosion. In Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity.  ASA-CSSA-SSSA. P 443-457.
Fulbright T. 1988. Effects of temperature, water  potential, and sodium chloride on Indiangrass germination. J. Range Manage.  41:207-210. 
Gade  K. 2013. Freeways as Corridors for Plant Dispersal: A Case Study from Central  Arizona. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Ecology and  Transportation. Available online at http://www.icoet.net/ICOET_2013/documents/papers/ICOET2013_Paper403B_Gade.pdf (accessed 27 December 2018). 
Gallai  N, Salles J, Settele J, Vaissière B. 2009. Economic valuation of the  vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological  Economics 68:810-821.
Gassman  S. 2001. Hydraulic seeding: it’s all in the slurry. Overland Park (KS): Grounds  Maintenance. URL: http://www.grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_hydraulic_seeding_slurry/ (accessed 4 Jan 2005).
Gatto  L, Ferrick M, White K. 2004. Inclusion of freeze-thaw-induced soil and bank  erosion in CoE planning, engineering, O&M, and model development. Hanover  (NH): US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center,  Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note 04-2. 5 p.
Gedney  D, Weber W. 1978. Design and construction of soil slopes. In: Schuster R,  Krizek R, editors. Landslides, analysis and control. Washington (DC): National  Research Council, Transportation Research Board Commission on Sociotechnical  Systems. Special Report 176. p. 172-191.
Gelbard  J, Belnap J. 2003. Roads as conduits for exotic plant invasions in a semiarid  landscape. Conservation Biology  17(2):420–432.
Ghazoul  J. 2006. Floral diversity and the facilitation of pollination. Journal of  Ecology 94:295–304.
Gibson D, Carrington M. 2007. Road salt  germination inhibition of native plants used in roadside plantings.  Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. Vol. 101, #1&2,  p13-22.
Gifford  G. 1975. Beneficial and detrimental effects on range improvement practices on  runoff and erosion. In: Watershed management, proceedings of a symposium  conducted by the irrigation and drainage division of the American Society of  Civil Engineers; 11-13 Aug 1975; Logan, UT. Reston (VA): American Society of  Civil Engineers. p. 216-248.
Gjessing  E, Lygren E, Berglind L, Gulbrandsen T, Skanne R. 1984. Effect of highway  runoff on lake water quality. Science of the Total Environment 33:247-257. 
Gobar  C. 2006. Personal communication. Albuquerque (NM): USDA Forest Service. Forest  Wildlife Biologist.
Goheen  D. 2005. Personal communication. Medford (OR): USDA Forest Service. Zone  Pathologist.
Goodrich  M, Dulak L, Freidman M, Lech J. 1991. Acute and long-term toxicity of water-  soluble cationic polymers to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus  mykus) and the modification of toxicity by humic acid. Environmental  Toxicology and Chemistry 10:509-551.
Gray  D, Leiser A. 1982. Biotechnical slope protection and erosion control. Malabar  (FL): Robert E Krieger Publishing Co. 271 p.
Greaves  R, Black H, Hooven E, Hansen E. 1978. Plantation maintenance. In: Cleary B,  Greaves R, Hermann R, editors. Regenerating Oregon forests, a guide for the  regeneration forester. 5th printing. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University  Extension Service. p. 187-203.
Greaves  R, Hermann R. 1978. Planting and seeding. In: Cleary B, Greaves R, Hermann R,  editors. Regenerating Oregon forests, a guide for the regeneration forester.  5th printing. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Extension Service. p.  131-161.
Grismer  M, Hogan M. 2004. Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion  control in the Lake Tahoe Basin - 1: method assessment. Land Degradation  Development 15:1-16.
Grismer  M, Hogan M. 2007. Simulated rainfall evaluation at Sunriver and Mt Bachelor Highways,  Oregon. Report to WFHLD. 8 p.
Grismer  M, Hogan M, Steinfeld DE. 2011. Highway 35 treatment slopes and bio-retention  steps monitoring plan: 1 laboratory column analyses. Integrated Environmental  Restoration Services. 18 p.
Grubb  B. 2007. Personal communication. Fort Collins (CO): Colorado State Forest  Service Nursery. Nursery Grower.
Grubb  P. 1977. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities and the  importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews 52:107-145.
Guinon  M. 1993. Promoting gene conservation through seed and plant procurement. In:  Landis T, editor. Proceedings, Western Forest Nursery Association; 1992 Sept  14-18; Fallen Leaf Lake, CA. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky  Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-221.  p. 38-46.
Gustafson  D, Gibson D, Nickrent D. 2005. Using local seeds in prairie restoration – data  support the paradigm. Native Plant Journal 6(1):25-28. 
Habte  M, Osorio N. 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: producing and applying arbuscular  mycorrhizal inoculum. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii, College of Tropical  Agriculture and Human Resources. 48 p.
Haddad  N. 1999. Corridor and distance effects on interpatch movements: a landscape  experiment with butterflies. Ecological Applications 9:612–622. 
Haddad  N, Baum KA. 1999. An experimental test of corridor effects on butterfly  densities. Ecological Applications 9:623–633. 
Haferkamp  M, Miller R, Sneva F. 1985. Seeding rangelands with a land imprinter and  rangeland drill in the Palouse vegetative prairie and sagebrush-bunchgrass  zone. In: 39th annual report, vegetative rehabilitation and equipment workshop;  1985 February 10-11; Salt Lake City, UT. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service,  Missoula Equipment Development Center. p. 19-22.
Halbritter D, Daniels, J, Whitaker D, Huang L. 2015. Reducing  mowing frequency increases floral resource and butterfly (Lepidoptera:  Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) abundance in managed roadside margins. Florida Entomologist 98(4): 1081-1092. 
Hall  D, Long M, Remboldt M, editors. 1994. Slope stability reference guide for  National Forests in the United States, Volume II. Moscow (ID): USDA Forest  Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. EM-7170-13.
Hall  F. 2002a. Photo point monitoring handbook: part A - field procedures. Portland  (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General  Technical Report PNW-GTR- 526. p. 1-48.
Hall  F. 2002b. Photo point monitoring handbook: part B - concepts and analysis.  Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General  Technical Report PNW-GTR- 526. p. 49-134.
Hamm  P, Campbell S, Hansen E, editors. 1990. Growing healthy seedlings:  identification and management of pests in northwest forest nurseries. Corvallis  (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. Special Publication  19. 110 p.
Hansen  M, Clevenger A. 2005. The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence  of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation 125(2):  249–259.
Hanula J, Horn S. 2011. Removing an invasive shrub (Chinese  privet) increases native bee diversity and abundance in riparian forests of the  southeastern United States. Insect Conservation and Diversity 4(4):275–283.
Harmon-Threatt A, Kremen C. 2015. Bumble bees selectively use  native and exotic species to maintain nutritional intake across highly variable  and invaded local floral resource pools. Ecological Entomology: 4:  471-478. 
Harper-Lore  B, Johnson M, and Ostrum W. 2013. Vegetation Management: An Ecoregional Approach.  U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. URL: https://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/env_topics/ecosystems/veg_mgmt_rpt/vegmgmt_ecoregional_approach.aspx (accessed  12 July 2016).
Harrington J, Meikle T. 1992. Road salt effects  on the germination of eight select prairie species. Proceedings of the  thirteenth North American prairie conference. Department of Parks and  Recreation, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 183-192. 
Harper-Lore  B, Wilson M, editors. 2000. Roadside use of native plants. Washington (DC):  Island Press. 665 p.
Hatchett  B, Hogan M, Grismer M. 2006. Mechanical mastication thins Lake Tahoe forest  with few adverse impacts. California Agriculture 60(2):77-82.
Hatfield  R, Jepsen S, Mader E, Black S, Shepherd M. 2012. Conserving Bumble Bees,  Guidelines for Creating and Managing Habitat for America’s Declining  Pollinators. 32 pp. Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate  Conservation.
Hatfield  R and LeBuhn G. 2007. Patch and landscape factors shape community assemblage of  bumble bees, Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in montane  meadows. Biological Conservation 139:150–158.
Hatfield  R, Colla S, Jepsen S, Richardson L, Thorp R. 2015. International Union for the  Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Assessments for North American Bombus spp. for the North American IUCN  Bumble Bee Specialist Group. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation,  Portland, OR.
Havens K, Vitt  P, Still S, Kramer A, Fant J, Schatz K. 2015. Seed sourcing for restoration in an  era of climate change. Nature Areas Journal 35:122-133.
Havlin  J, Beaton J, Tisdale S, Nelson W. 1999. Soil fertility and fertilizers, an  introduction to nutrient management. 6th edition. Upper Saddle River (NJ):  Prentice-Hall, Inc. 499 p.
Herrera C. 1989.  Pollinator abundance, morphology, and flower visitation rate: analysis of the  “quantity” component in a plant-pollinator system. Oecologia, 80: 241-248. 
Heilman  P. 1981. Minerals, chemical properties, and fertility of forest soils. In:  Heilman P, Anderson H, Baumgartner D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir  region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension  Service. p. 121-136.
Helgerson  O, Newton M, deCalesta D, Schowalter T, Hansen E. 1992. Protecting young  regeneration. In: Hobbs S, Tesch S, Owston P, Stewart R, Tappener II J, Wells  G, editors. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern  California. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research  Laboratory. p. 384-420.
Helgerson  O. 1990. Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention. New Forests 3:17-42.
Henderson  K. 2000. Integrating all the management tools: integrated roadside vegetation  management. In: Harper-Lore B, Wilson M, editors. Roadside use of native  plants. Washington (DC): Island Press. p. 30-31.
Herrick  J, Van Zee J, Havstad K, Burkett L, Whitford W. 2005a. Monitoring manual for  grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems, vol I: quick start. Las Cruces  (NM): USDA Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range. 36 p.  URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285321006_Monitoring_manual_for_grassland_shrubland_and_savanna_ecosystems (accessed 27 December 2018).
Herrick  J, Van Zee J, Havstad K, Burkett L, Whitford W. 2005b. Monitoring manual for  grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems, vol II: design, supplementary  methods and interpretation. Las Cruces (NM): USDA Agricultural Research  Service, Jornada Experimental Range. 200 p. URL https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285321006_Monitoring_manual_for_grassland_shrubland_and_savanna_ecosystems (accessed 27 December 2018).
Hoag  J, Simonson B, Cornforth B, St John L. 2001. Waterjet Stinger: a tool for  planting dormant nonrooted cuttings. Native Plants Journal 2:84-89.
Hoag  J. 2003. Willow clump plantings. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources  Conservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note No. 42. 8 p.
Hoag  J. 2006a. Personal communication. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources  Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Plant Ecologist and  Wetland Specialist.
Hoag  J. 2006b. The pot planter: a new attachment for the Waterjet Stinger. Native  Plants Journal 7(1): 100-101.
Hoag  J. 2007. Personal communication. Aberdeen (ID): USDA National Resource  Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Plant Ecologist and  Wetland Specialist.
Hobbs  S. 1982. Performance of artificially shaded container-grown Douglas-fir  seedlings on skeletal soils. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest  Research Laboratory. Research Note 71. 5 p.
Hogan  M. 2007. Personal communication. Tahoe City (CA): Integrated Environmental  Restoration Services. Consultant in revegetation.
Hopwood  J, Black S, Fleury S. 2016a. Pollinators and Roadsides: Best Management  Practices for Managers and Decision Makers. 96 pp. Washington, D.C.: Federal  Highway Administration. URL: https://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/env_topics/ecosystems/Pollinators_Roadsides/BMPs_pollinators_roadsides.aspx (accessed 27 December 2018). 
Hopwood J, Black S, Fleury S. 2016b. Roadside Best Management  Practices that Benefit Pollinators: Handbook for Supporting Pollinators through  Roadside Maintenance and Landscape Design. 88 pp. Washington, D.C.: Federal  Highway Administration. URL: https://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/env_topics/ecosystems/Pollinators_Roadsides/BMPs_pollinators_landscapes.aspx  (accessed 27 December 2018).
Hopwood  J, Black S, Lee-Mӓder  E, Charlap A. Preston R, Mozumder K, Fleury S. 2015. Literature Review:  Pollinator Habitat Enhancement and Best Management Practices in Highway  Rights-of-Way. 68 pp. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.  URL: https://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/env_topics/ecosystems/pollinator_reports/pollinators_BMPs_in_highway_ROW.aspx (accessed 27 December 2018). 
Hopwood  J, Winkler L, Deal B, Chivvis M. 2010. Use of roadside prairie plantings by  native bees. Iowa Living Roadway Trust Fund Final Report 90-00-LRTF-011 URL: http://ilr.winningit.com/ResearchProjects/90-00-LRTF-011.aspx (Accessed 28 July 2016) 
Hopwood  J. 2008. The contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee  conservation. Biological Conservation 141:2632-2640.
Horneck  D, Hart J, Topper K, Koepsell B. 1989. Methods of soil analysis used in the soil  testing laboratory at Oregon State University. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State  University, Agricultural Experiment Station. SM 89:4. 21 p.
Horning  M, McGovern T, Darris D, Mandel N, Johnson R. 2010. Genecology of Holodiscus discolor (Rosaceae) in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Restoration  Ecology 18(2): 235-243.
Houseal  G, Smith D. 2000. Source-identified seed: The Iowa roadside experience.  Ecological Restoration 18(3):173-183.
Hufford  K, Mazer S. 2003. Plant ecotypes: genetic differentiation n the age of  ecological restoration. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:147-155.
Huijser M. Wildlife-vehicle  Collision Reduction Study: Report to Congress. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of  Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2008. Print.  
Huijser M, Kociolek A, Allen T,  McGowen P, Cramer P, and Venner M. 2015. Construction Guidelines for Wildlife  Fencing and Associated Escape and Lateral Access Control Measures. NCHRP 25-25  Task 84. URL: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/docs/NCHRP25-25%2884%29_FR.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018).
Humbert  J, Ghazoul J, Sauter G, Walter T. 2010. Impact of different meadow mowing  techniques on field invertebrates. Journal  of Applied Entomology 134(7):592–599. 
      Huntzinger  M. 2003. Effects of fire management practices on butterfly diversity in the  forested western United States. Biological Conservation 113(1):1–12.
Indiana  Department of Transportation, 2008. The Indiana Procedural Manual for Preparing Environmental  Documents, Section II.B.3.f Context Sensitive Solutions, Indiana Department of Transportation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana  Department of Transportation, 2008).
International  Seed Testing Association [ISTA]. 1976. International rules for seed testing.  Seed Science and Technology 4:4-180.
Jablonski  B, Koltowsk Z, Marcinkowski J, Rybak-Chmielewska H, Szczesna T, Warakomska Z.  1995. Zawartosc metali ciezkich [Pb, Cd, i Cu] w nektarze, miodzie i pylku  pochodzacym z roslin rosnacych przy szlakach komunikacyjnych [The content of  heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cu) in the nectar, honey and pollen collected from  roadside plants]. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 39:129–144.
Jackson  L, Strauss R, Bartolome J. 1988. Plant and soil dynamics in California annual  grassland. Plant and Soil 110:9-17.
Jacobs  D, Rose R, Haase D, Alzugaray P. 2004. Fertilization at planting impairs root  system development and drought avoidance of Douglas-fir seedlings. Annals of  Forest Science 61:643-651.
Jacobs  D, Steinbeck K. 2001. Tree shelters improve the survival and growth of planted  Engelmann spruce seedlings in southwestern Colorado. Western Journal of Applied  Forestry 16(3):114-120.
Jacobsen  R, Albrecht N, Bolin K. 1990. Wildflower Routes: Benefits of a Management  Program for Minnesota Right-of-Way Prairies. Proceedings of the Twelfth North  American Prairie Conference 153-158. 
Jasper  D, Roson A, Aboot L. 1979. Phosphorus and the formation of vesicular arbuscular  mycorrhizas. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11:501-505.
Jenny  H. 1980. The soil resource origin and behavior. Ecological Studies 37. 1st  edition. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag Inc. 377 p.
Jepsen  S, Schweitzer D, Young B, Sears N, Ormes M, Black S. 2015. Conservation status and  ecology of Monarchs in the United States. 36 pp. NatureServe, Arlington,  Virginia, and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland,  Oregon.
Johnson  G, Stritch L, Olwell P, Lambert S, Horning M, Cronn R. 2010. What are the best  seed sources for ecosystem restoration on BLM and USFS lands? Native Plants  Journal 11:117–131.
Johnson  R, Hellier B, Vance-Borland K. 2013. Genecology and seed zones for tapertip  onion in the US Great Basin. Botany 91(10):686-694.
Johnson,  A. 2000. Best Practices Handbook on Roadside Vegetation Management. Minnesota  Department of Transportation, Report # 2000-19, p. 78, University of Minnesota  132. URL: https://www.lrrb.org/media/reports/200820.pdf (accessed 12 July 2016).
Johst,  K., Drechsler M, Thomas J, Settele J. 2006. Influence of mowing on the  persistence of two endangered large blue butterfly species. Journal of Applied  Ecology 43(2):333–342. 
Jones P, Jeffrey B, Watler P, Hutchon H. 1992.  Environmental Impact of Road Salting. In F. M. D'Itri (Ed.), Chemical deicers  and the environment (pp. 1-116). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. P 1-116. 
Kay  B, Evans R, Young J. 1977. Soaking procedures and hydroseeder damage to common  bermudagrass seeds. Agronomy Journal 69(4):555-557.
Kay  B. 1972a. Hydro-seeding limitations and alternatives. Davis (CA): University of  California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress Report #43. 3  p.
Kay  B. 1972b. Revegetation of ski slopes and other disturbed mountain sites in California.  Davis (CA): University of California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science.  Agronomy Progress Report #42.
Kay  B. 1974. Erosion control treatments on coarse decomposed granite. Davis (CA):  University of California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress  Report #60. 7 p.
Kay  B. 1978. Mulch and chemical stabilizers for land reclamation in dry regions.  In: Schaller F, editor. Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands. Madison  (WI): American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil  Science Society of America. p. 467-483.
Kay  B.1983. Straw as an erosion control mulch. Davis (CA): University of California  Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress Report #140. 11 p.
Kearns  C, Inouye D, Waser N. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of  plant–pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics  29:83–113.
Keller  G, Sherar J. 2003. Low-volume roads engineering: best management practices  field guide. US AID and USDA Forest Service. 158 p.
Kerr  J, Pindar A, Galpern P, Packer L, Potts S, Roberts, S, Rasmont P, Schweiger P,  Colla S, Richardson L, Wagner D, Gall L, Sikes D, Pantoja A. 2015. Climate  change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents. Science. 349(6244):  177-180. 
Ketcheson  G, Megahan W, King J. 1999. "R1-R4" and "BIOSED" sediment  prediction model tests using forest roads in granitics. Journal of the American  Water Resources Association 35(1):83-98.
Ketcheson  G, Megahan W. 1996. Sediment production and downslope sediment transport from  forest roads in granitic watersheds. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service,  Intermountain Research Station. Research Paper INT-RP-486. 12 p.
Kill  D, Foote L. 1971. Comparison of long and short-fibered mulches. Transactions of  the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 14:942.
Kjelgren  R, Montague D, Rupp L. 1997. Establishment in treeshelters. II. Effect of  shelter color on gas exchange and hardiness. HortScience 32(7):1284-1287.
Klein  A, Vaissiere B, Cane J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham S, Kremen C,  Tscharntke T. 2007. Importance of pollinators  in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society  of London B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608):303-313.
Klock  G. 1981. Some engineering aspects of forest soils. In: Heilman P, Anderson H,  Baumgartner D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA):  Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 269-277.
Kloetzel  S. 2004. Revegetation and restoration planting tools: an in-the-field  perspective. Native Plants Journal 5(1):34-42.
Knapp  E, Rice K. 1994. Starting from seed: genetic issues in using native grasses for  restoration. Restoration and Management Notes 12:40-45.
Kramer  A, Havens K. 2014. Plant conservation genetics in a changing world. Trends in  Plant Science 14(11):599-607.
Kramer  A, Larkin D, Fant J. 2015. Assessing potential seed transfer zones for five  forb species from the Great Basin floristic region, USA. Natural Areas Journal.  35: 174–188.
Kruess  A, Tscharntke T. 2002. Contrasting responses of plant and insect diversity to  variation in grazing intensity. Biological Conservation 106(3):293–302.
Kruess  A, Tscharntke T. 2002. Grazing intensity and the diversity of grasshoppers,  butterflies, and trap-nesting bees and wasps. Conservation Biology 16:1570–80.
Landis  T, 2009. The target plant concept. In: Dumroese RK, Luna T, Landis TD, editors.  Nursery manual for native plants: A guide for tribal nurseries – Volume 1: Nursery  Management. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. P. 15-31.
LaBar  C, Schultz C. 2012. Investigating the role of herbicides in controlling  invasive grasses in prairie habitats: effects on non-target butterflies. Natural Areas Journal 32(2):177–189.
Landis T,  Dumroese R. 2006. Monitoring Electrical Conductivity in Soils and Growing  Media. Forest Nursery Notes, Summer 2006. R6-CP-TP-04-2006. USDA-Forest  Service, Pacific Northwest Region: 6-10. URL: https://rngr.net/publications/fnn/2006-summer/articles/monitoring-electrical-conductivity-in-soils-and-growing-media?searchterm=Electrical+Conductivity (accessed 5  October 2018).
Landis T. 2011.  Using organic fertilizers in forest and native plant nurseries. Forest Nursery  Notes 31(2): 1-17.
Landis T, Tinus  R, McDonald S, Barnett J. 1989. The biological component: nursery pests and  mycorrhizae. The container tree nursery manual. Vol 5. Washington  (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook 674. 171 p.
Landis  T, Tinus RW, McDonald S, Barnett J. 1994. Nursery planning, development, and  management. The container tree nursery manual. Vol 1. Washington (DC): USDA  Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook 674. 188 p.
Landis  T, Dumroese R, Haase D. 2010. Seedling processing, storage and outplanting,  volume 7, the container tree nursery manual In: Luna T, Dumroese R, editors.  Nursery manual for native plants: a guide for tribal nurseries. Washington  (DC): USDA Agricultural Handbook. 199 p.
Landis  T, Steinfeld D, Watson R. 2002. The long tube stocktype and expandable stinger.  Forest Nursery Notes R6-CP-TP-06-01. p. 15-17.
Landis  T, Steinfeld D. 1990. Salt injury. In: Hamm P, Campbell S, Hansen E, editors.  Growing healthy seedlings: identification and management of pests in northwest  forest nurseries. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research  Laboratory. p. 83-86.
Landis  T. 1981. Irrigation water quality in tree nurseries in the inland west. In:  Huber R, editor. Proceedings of the 1981 Intermountain Nurserymen’s Association  meeting; 1981 Aug 11-13; Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton (Alberta): Canadian  Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre. Information Report  NOR-X-241. p. 60-67.
Landis  T, Dreesen D, Dumroese R. 2003. Sex and the single Salix: considerations for  riparian restoration. Native Plants Journal 4(2):111-117.
Lavelle  M. 2014. What’s that Growing Along the Roadside? Carbon Storage.  The Daily Climate - July 28, 2014. URL: https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/whats-that-growing-along-the-roadside-carbon-storage (accessed 27 December 2018). 
Laycock  W, Richardson B. 1975. Long-term effects of pocket gopher control on vegetation  and soils of a subalpine grassland. Journal of Range Management 28(6):458-462.
Leger E. 2008.  The adaptive value of remnant native plants in invaded communities: an example  from the Great Basin. Ecological Applications 18: 1226-1235.
Leharne  S, Charesworth D, Chowdhry B. 1992. A survey of metal levels in street dusts in  an inner London neighbourhood. Environment International 18:263-270.
Lesica  P, Allendorf F. 1999. Ecological genetics and the restoration of plant  communities: mix or match? Restoration Ecology 7:42–50.
Lewis  L. 2000. Soil bioengineering, an alternative for roadside management–a  practical guide. San Dimas (CA): USDA Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and  Development Center. Technical Report 0077 1801 - SDTDC. 44 p.
Ley  T, Stevens R, Topielec R, Neibling W. 1994. Soil water monitoring and  measurement. Pullman (WA): Washington State University. Pacific Northwest  Publication PNW0475.
Linhart  Y. 1995. Restoration, revegetation, and the importance of genetic and  evolutionary perspectives. In: Roundy B, McArthur E, Haley J, Mann D, editors.  Proceedings, Wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium, 1993 October  19-21; Las Vegas, NV. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report.  INT-GTR-315. p. 271-287.
Linsley  E. 1958. The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia  27:543-599.
Louda  S, Kendall C, Connor J, Simberloff D. 1997. Ecological effects of an insect  introduced for the biological control of weeds. Science 277:1088–1090.
Louis Berger Group. 2011. Implementing Measures to Reduce Highway  Impacts on Habitat Fragmentation. NCHRP 25-25 Task 68. URL: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/docs/NCHRP25-25(68)_FR.pdf (accessed  5 October 2018). 
Lövei  G, Macleod A, Hickman J. 1998. Dispersal and effects of barriers on the  movement of the New Zealand hover fly Melanostoma  fasciatum (Dipt., Syrphidae) on cultivated land. Journal of Applied Entomology 122(1‐5),  115-120.
Lowenstein  H, Ptikin F. 1970. Ponderosa pine transplants aided by black plastic mulch in  Idaho plantation. Tree Planters’ Notes 21(4):23-24.
Luce  C. 1997. Effectiveness of road ripping in restoring infiltration capacity of  forest roads. Restoration Ecology 5(3):265-270.
Lyles L, Krauss R. 1971. Threshold velocities and  initial particle motion as influenced by air turbulence. Tans. ASAE 14:563-566. 
Mackay  D. 1972. The measurement of viability. In: Roberts EH, editor. Viability of  seeds. Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University Press. p. 172-208.
Mader  E, Spivak M, Evans E. 2010. Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for  Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists. Sustainable Agriculture Research and  Education, Handbook 11. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Sustainable  Agriculture Research and Extension and Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Natural  Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service.
Mallams  K. 2006. Personal communication. Central Point (OR): USDA Forest Service, J  Herbert Stone Nursery. Zone pathologist.
Margulis  L, Sagan D, Thomas L. 1997. Microcosmos: four billion years of evolution from  our microbial ancestors. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. 304 p.
Martin  L, Pezeshki S, Shields Jr F. 2005. Soaking treatment increases survival of  black willow posts in a large-scale field study. Ecological Restoration  23(2):95-98.
Massu  L. 2005. Common control measures for invasive plants of the Pacific Northwest.  In: USDA Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region invasive plant program:  preventing and managing invasive plants. Final Environmental Impact Statement.  Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.  R6-NR-FHP-PR-02-05.
Mast  B. 2007. Personal communication. Richland (WA): Wildlands Inc. President.
Maxwell  W, Ward F. 1976a. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the coastal  Douglas-fir-hemlock type and coastal Douglas-fir-hardwood type. Portland (OR):  USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical  Report PNW-51. 103 p.
Maxwell  W, Ward F. 1976b. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the ponderosa  pine type, ponderosa pine and associated species type, lodgepole pine type.  Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General  Technical Report PNW-52. 73 p.
Maxwell  W, Ward F. 1979. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the Sierra  mixed conifer type, Sierra true fir type. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service,  Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-95. 79 p.
McCreary  D, Tecklin J. 1997. Effects of seedling protectors and weed control on blue oak  growth and survival. In: Pillsbury N, Verner J, Tietje W, technical  coordinators. Proceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management,  and urban interface issues; 1996 March 19-22; San Luis Obispo, CA. Albany (CA):  USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. General Technical  Report PSW-GTR-160.
McDonald  P, Helgerson OT. 1991. Mulches aid in regenerating California and Oregon  forests: past present and future. Berkeley (CA): USDA Forest Service, Pacific  Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report  PSW-123. 19 p.
McDonald  S. 1984. Irrigation in forest-tree nurseries: monitoring and effects on  seedling growth. In: Duryea ML, Landis TD, editors. Forest nursery manual:  production of bareroot seedlings. Boston (MA): Martinus Nijhoff/Dr E Junk  Publishers. p. 107-121.
McElroy  G, Dawson W. 1986. Biomass from short-rotation coppic willow on marginal land.  Biomass 10:255-240.
McFrederick  Q, Kathilankal J, Fuentes J. 2008. Air pollution modifies floral scent trails. Atmospheric Environment  42(10):2336-2348.
McGinnies  W, Crofts K. 1986. Effects of N and P fertilizer placement on establishment of  seeded species on redistributed mine topsoil. Journal of Range Management  39:118-121.
McGregor  S. 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. USDA Agriculture  Handbook No. 496. URL: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20220500/OnlinePollinationHandbook.pdf (accessed 27  December 2018).
McKay  J, Christian C, Harrison S, Rice K. 2005. “How local is local?” – A  review of practical and conceptual issues in the genetics of restoration.  Restoration Ecology. 13:432–440.
McLean  E. 1973. Testing soils for pH and lime requirement. In: Walsh LM, Beaton JD,  editors. Soil testing and plant analysis. Madison (WI): Soil Science Society of  America. p. 77-95.
McKenna  D, McKenna K, Malcom S, Berenbaum M. 2001. Mortality of Lepidoptera along  roadways in central Illinois. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society  55(2):63–68.
McLendon  T, Redente E. 1992. Effects of nitrogen limitation on species replacement  dynamics during early succession on a semiarid sagebrush site. Oecologia  91:312-317.
Megahan  W. 1974. Deep-rooted plants for erosion control on granitic road fills in the  Idaho Batholith. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research  Station. Research Paper INT-161. 18 p.
Memmott  J, Waser N. 2002. Integration of alien  plants into a native flower–pollinator visitation web. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London  Series B: Biological Sciences 269:2395–2399.
Menz M, Phillips R, Winfree R, Kremen C, Aizen M,  Johnson S, Dixon K. 2011. Reconnecting plants and pollinators: challenges in  the restoration of pollination mutualisms. Trends in Plant Science 16(1):4-12. 
Meyer  L, Wischmeier WH, Daniel WH. 1971. Erosion, runoff, and revegetation of denuded  construction sites. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural  Engineers 14:138-141.
Mijnsbruggea  K, Bischoff A, Smith B. 2010. A question of origin: Where and how to collect  seed for ecological restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology. 11(4): 300-311.
Michener  C. 2007. The Bees of the World, 2nd Ed.  992 pp. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Millar  C, Libby W. 1989. Disneyland or native ecosystem: genetics and the  restorationist. Restoration and Management Notes 7(1):18-24.
Miller  R, Jastrow J. 1992. The application of VA mycorrhizae to ecosystem restoration  and reclamation. In: Allen MF, editor. Mycorrhizal functioning: an integrative  plant-fungal process. New York (NY): Chapman and Hall. p. 438-467.
Miller  R, May S. 1979. Below-ground ecosystems project. In: Land Reclamation Program:  annual report 1978. Argonne (IL): Argonne National Laboratory. ANL/LRP 5. p.  64-70.
Minnerath A, Vaughan M, Lee-Mader E. 2016.  Maritime Northwest citizen science monitoring guide native bees &  butterflies. Xerces Society. 60p. 
Minore  D. 1971. Shade benefits Douglas-fir in southwestern Oregon cutover area. Tree  Planters’ Notes 22(1):22-23.
Mok  J, Landphair H, Naderi J. 2006.  Landscape Improvement Impacts on Roadside  Safety in Texas, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 78, 2006, pp. 263-274.
Monsen  S, Stevens R. 2004. Seedbed preparation and seeding practices. In: Monsen S,  Stevens R, Shaw N, compilers. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort  Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General  Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 - volume 1. p. 121-154.
Montalvo  A, Williams S, Rice K, Buchmann S, Cory C, Handel S, Nabhan G, Primack R,  Robichaux RH. 1997. Restoration biology: a population biology perspective.  Restoration Ecology 5: 277–290.
Morgan  J. 1994. Soil impoverishment: a little-known technique holds potential for  establishing prairie. Restoration and Management Notes 12:55-56.
Morandin L, Kremen C. 2013a. Bee preference for native versus  exotic plants in restored agricultural hedgerows. Restoration  Ecology 21(1):26–32. 
Morandin  L, Kremen C. 2013b. Hedgerow restoration promotes pollinator populations and  exports native bees to adjacent fields. Ecological  Applications 23(4):829-839.
Morgenson  G. 2007. Personal communication. Bismark (ND): Lincoln-Oakes Nurseries. Nursery  Manager.
Moroń  D, Szentgyorgyi H, Grzes ́ I, Wantuch M, Rozej E, Laskowski R, Woyciechowski M.  2010. The effect of heavy metal pollution on development of wild bees. Atlas of  Biodiversity Risks – From Europe to the Globe, From Stories to Maps (eds  Settele J, Penev LD, Georgiev TA, Grabaum R, Grobelnik V, Hammen V et al.), pp.  224–225. Pensoft, Sofia & Moscow. 
Mulder  C, Aldenberg T, de Zwart D, van Wijnen H, Breure A. 2005. Evaluating the impact  of pollution on plant-Lepidoptera relations. Environmetrics 16:357–373.
Munguira  M, Thomas J. 1992. Use of road verges by butterfly and burnet populations, and  the effect of roads on adult dispersal and mortality. Journal of Applied  Ecology 29:316–329.
Munshower  F. 1994. Practical handbook of disturbed land revegetation. Boca Raton (FL):  CRC Press. 265 p. 
National  Research Council. 2005. Assessing and managing the ecological impacts of paved  roads. Washington (DC): National Academies Press. 294 p.
National  Research Council. 2007. Status of pollinators in North America. Washington,  D.C.: National Academies Press. 312 p.
National  Roadside Vegetation Management Association [NRVMA]. 1997. How to develop and  implement an integrated roadside vegetation management program - a guide for  township, city, county, parish, state, turnpike and other roadside authorities.  48 p. 
Ne’eman  G, Dafni A, Potts S. 2000. The effect of fire on flower visitation rate and  fruit set in four core-species in east Mediterranean scrubland. Plant Ecology  146:97–104.
Neufeld  J, Davison J. 2000. Practical considerations when selecting a soil testing  laboratory for an educational program [online]. Journal of Extension 38(4). 9  p. URL: http://www.joe.org/joe/2000august/rb2.html (accessed  3 Apr 2007). 
Nieminen  M, Nuorteva P, Tulisalo E. 2001. The effect of metals on the mortality of Parnassius apollo larvae (Lepidoptera:  Papilionidae). Journal of Insect  Conservation 5(1):1–7.
Nitrogen-Fixing  Tree Association Staff. 1986. Actinorrhizal trees useful in cool to cold  regions. In: NFT Highlights: a quick guide to useful nitrogen-fixing trees from  around the world. Morrilton (AR): Winrock International.
Norcini  J, Thetford M, Klock-Moore K, Bell M, Harbaugh B, and Aldrich J. 2001. Growth,  Flowering, and Survival of Black-eyed Susan from Different Regional Seed  Sources. HortTechnology 11(1): 26-30.
Norland  M. 2000. Use of mulches and soil stabilizers for land reclamation. In:  Barnhisel RI, Darmody RG, Daniels WL, editors. Reclamation of drastically  disturbed lands. Madison (WI): American Society of Agronomy. Agronomy Monograph  41. p. 645-666.
Nursery  Technical Cooperative. 2004. Nursery Technical Cooperative 2003-2004 Annual  Report. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science.
Oberts  G. 1986. Pollutants associated with sand and silt applied to roads in  Minnesota. Water Resources Bulletin 22:479-483. 
Odum  E. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Co. 574 p.
Ollerton  J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by  animals? Oikos 120:321-326
Onstad  C, Wolfe M, Larson C, Slack D. 1984. Tilled soil subsidence during repeated  wetting. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers  27:733-736.
Oregon Department of Transportation.  2013. Oregon DOT Integrated Vegetation Management Statewide Plan. URL: https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Maintenance/Documents/statewide_IVM_plan.pdf (accessed  5 October 2018). 12p.
Ottewell  K, Donnellan S, Lowe A, Paton D. 2009. Predicting reproductive success of  insect-versus bird-pollinated scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation 142(4):888-898.
Ouin A, Aviron S, Dover J, Burel F. 2004.  Complementation/supplementation of resources for butterflies in agricultural  landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 103:473-479.
Ozores-Hampton  M, Obreza T, Stoffella P, Fitzpatrick G. 2002. Immature compost suppresses weed  growth under greenhouse conditions. Compost Science & Utilization  10(2):105-113.
Ozores-Hampton  M. 1998. Compost as an alternative weed control method. HortScience  33(6):938-940.
Page  H, Bork E. 2005. Effect of planting season, bunchgrass species, and neighbor  control on the success of transplants for grassland restoration. Restoration  Ecology 13(4):651–658.
Page  I. 1977. Improving the efficiency of ripping. Rotorua (New Zealand): Forest  Industries Review. Forest Research Institute. p. 7- 13.
Palmer  J. 1990. Nutrient cycling: the key to reclamation success. In: Chambers J, Wade  G, editors. Evaluating reclamation success: the ecological  consideration–proceedings of a symposium; 1990 Apr 23-26; Charleston, WV.  Radnor (PA): USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.  General Technical Report NE-164. p. 27-36.
Palumbo  A, McCarthy J, Amonette J, Fisher L, Wullschleger S, Daniels W. 2004. Prospects  for enhancing carbon sequestration and reclamation of degraded lands with  fossil-fuel combustion by-products. Advances in Environmental Research.  8:425-438.
Parent  V, Koenig R. 2003. Solutions to soil problems. I. High salinity (soluble  salts). Logan (UT): Utah State University Extension. AG/Soils/2003-01. 2 p.
Parmesan C.  2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual  Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. Vol 37:637-669.
Parmesan C.  2007. Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of  phenological response to global warming. Global Change Biology. 13:1860-1872.
Parmesan C,  Yohe G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across  natural systems. Nature. Vol 421:37-42.
Parr  T, Way J. 1988. Management of roadside vegetation: the long-term effects of  cutting. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:1073-1087.
Parsons  Brinckerhoff, 2014. Appendix U Illiana Corridor Sustainability and Context  Sensitive Solutions Technical Report, Illinois Department of Transportation and  Indiana Department of Transportation, June 2014, pp.44. URL:  http://nepa.illianacorridor.org/pdfs/tier2_feis/appendix_u.pdf (accessed 14 Mar  2016).
Pellett  N, Heleba D. 1995. Chopped newspaper for weed control in nursery crops.  Environmental Horticulture 13(2):77-81.
Penny  G, Neal J. 2003. Light, temperature, seed burial, and mulch effects on mulberry  weed (Fatoua villosa) seed  germination. Weed Technology 17(2):213-218.
Perugini  M, Manera M, Grotta L, Cesarina Abete M, Tarasco R, Amorena M. 2011. Heavy  metal (Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb) contamination in urban areas and wildlife reserves:  honeybees as bioindicators. Biological  Trace Element Research 140(2):170–176.
Peterson,  D. 2002. Hydrophilic polymers - effects and uses in the landscape. Soviet Soil  Science 13(4): 111-115. 
Pezeshki  S, Brown C, Elcan J, Shields Jr F. 2005. Responses of non-dormant black willow  (Salix nigra) cuttings to  pre-planting soaking and soil moisture. Restoration Ecology 13:1-7.
Pezeshki  S, Shields F. 2006. Black willow cutting survival in streambank plantings,  southeastern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association  42(1):191-200.
Pill  W, Frett J, Williams I. 1997. Matric priming of Kentucky bluegrass and tall  fescue seeds benefits seedling emergence. HortSci 32:1061-1063.
Pill  W, Nesnow D. 1999. Germination of hydro-seeded Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass  (Lolium perenne L.) in response to  seed agitation in the tank. Journal of Turfgrass Management 3(2):59-67.
Poff  R. 1996. Effects of silvicultural practices and wildfire on productivity of  forest soils. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress.  Vol II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis (CA):  University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. p. 477-493.
Polster  D. 1997. Restoration of landslides and unstable slopes: considerations for  bioengineering in interior locations. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual  British Columbia Mine reclamation symposium; 1997 Sept 22-25; Cranbrook, BC.  Victoria (BC): British Columbia Technical Research Committee on Reclamation. p.  153-166.
Ponisio L,  M'Gonigle L, Kremen C. 2015. On‐farm habitat restoration counters biotic  homogenization in intensively managed agriculture. Global Change Biology 22(2): 704-715. 
Potts  S, Biesmeijer J, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin W. 2010. Global  pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology and  Evolution. 25(6): 345-353.
Potts  S, Vulliamy B, Dafni A, Ne’eman G, Willmer P. 2003. Linking bees and flowers:  how do floral communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology  84:2628–2642. 
Potts  S, Vulliamy B, Roberts S, O’Toole C, Dafni A, Ne’eman G, Willmer P. 2005. Role  of nesting resources in organizing diverse bee communities in a Mediterranean  landscape. Ecological Entomology 30(1):78–85.
Powell  D, Urban C, Johnson C. 1998. Personal communication. Baker City (OR): USDA  Forest Service. Forest Silviculturist, Forest Botanist, Area Ecologist.
Preiadjati  A, Smits W, Tolkamp G. 2001. Vegetative propagation to assure a continuous  supply of plant material for forest rehabilitation. In: Hillegers PJM, de Iongh  HH. The balance between biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of  tropical rain forests: workshop proceedings; 1999 Dec 6-8; Balikpapan,  Kalimantan, Indonesia. p. 19-30.
Proudfoot J, Ponder D, Tindall D, Wysocki D.  2015. Guidebook for Designing and Managing Rights-of-Way for Carbon  Sequestration and Biomass Generation. National Cooperative Highway Research  Program. Report 804. 55p. 
Quarles  III H, Hanawalt R, Odum W. 1974. Lead in small mammals, plants, and soil at  varying distances from a highway. Journal  of Applied Ecology: 937-949.
Racey  G, Raitanen E. 1983. Seedling development as affected by fibre and straw  mulching at midhurst Nursery. Ottawa (Ontario): Ontario Ministry of Natural  Resources, Forest Resources Branch. Nursery Notes 94. 5 p.
Rauch  N. 2006. Personal communication. Bend (OR): USDA Forest Service Bend Seed  Extractory, Seed Extractory Assistant Manager.
Rauzi  F, Tresler R. 1978. A preliminary report on herbage yields, stand evaluation,  soils, and chemical content of selected grasses and a legume grown on topsoil,  White River and Wind River geologic materials. Laramie (WY): University of  Wyoming, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. Research Journal 124.
Reeder  J, Sabey B. 1987. Nitrogen. In: Williams R, Schuman G, editors. Reclaiming mine  soils and overburden in the Western United States. Ankeny (IA): Soil and Water  Conservation Society. p. 155-184.
Rehfeldt  G. 1994. Evolutionary genetics, the biological species, and the ecology of the  Interior cedar-hemlock forests. Pages 93–100 In: Proceedings of the interior  cedar–hemlock–white pine forests: ecology and management. 1993 March 2–4;  Spokane, WA. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State  University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
Resource  Efficient Agricultural Production Canada [REAP Canada]. 1991. Effects of carbon  addition on nitrogen fixation and P nutrition of hairy vetch and following  crops. In: Abboud A, Patriquin D. Processes involved in mobilization of P in  different farming systems in Southwestern Ontario: nutrient levels in plant  tissues and soils. Harrow (ON): Agriculture Canada Ecological Services for  Planning. Report to Canada-Ontario SWEEP (Soil and Water Enhancement Program),  SWEEP Report #23 from REAP-Canada. p. 22-24.
Re-Sourcing  Associates, Inc, CPM Consultants Inc. 1997. Wood waste recovery: size reduction  technology study. EPA Report No. CDL-97-3. 66 p. URL: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/13/12639.pdf (accessed 21 June 2007).
Reuter  J, Jassby A, Marjanovic P, HeyvaertA, Goldman C. 1998. Preliminary phosphorus  and nitrogen budgets for Lake Tahoe. In: Annual Progress Report 1998, Lake  Clarity and Watershed Modelling, Presidential Deliverable for Lake Tahoe, USEPA  Water and Watershed Grant; 1998 July 18; Tahoe Research Group, Department of  Civil and Environmental Engineering. Davis (CA): University of California, John  Muir Institute for the Environment.
Robichaud P, Ashmun L, Foltz R, Showers C,  Groenier J, Kesler J, DeLeo C, Moore M. 2013. Production and aerial application  of wood shreds as a post-fire hillslope erosion mitigation treatment. Gen.  Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-307. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,  Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 31 p. 
Rice  R. 1982. Sedimentation in the chaparral: How do you handle unusual events? In:  Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins, edited by F. J.  Swanson and others. Forest Service, U.S. Dep. Agric., Washington, D. C. pp  39-49.
Ries  L, Debinski D, Wieland M. 2001. Conservation value of roadside prairie  restoration to butterfly communities. Conservation Biology 15:401–411.
Riley  L, Steinfeld D, Riley S. 2013. Effects of polyacrylamide crystals on seedling  establishment and growth of native species when applied to soils of highly  disturbed sites. Internal report to WFHLD. 24 p.
Riley  S. 1999. Proposal to cage shrubs [Internal memo Umatilla National Forest].  Located at: Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR. 10 p.
Ritchie  G. 1985. Root growth potential: principles, procedures and predictive ability.  In: Duryea M, editor. Proceedings - evaluating seedling quality: principles,  procedures and predictive ability of major tests; 1984 Oct 16-18; Corvallis,  OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. p.  93-104.
Robidoux P,  Delisle C. 2001. Ecotoxicological evaluation of three deicers (NaCl, NaFo,  CMA)-effect on terrestrial organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.  48(2), 128-139. 
Rose  R, Haase D, Boyer D. 1995. Organic matter management in forest nurseries:  theory and practice. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery  Technology Cooperative. 65 p.
Rose  R. 2002. Slow release fertilizers 101. In: Dumroese R, Riley L, Landis T,  technical coordinators. National proceedings: forest and conservation nursery  associations–1999, 2000, and 2001. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky  Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-24. p. 304-308.
Rose  R. 2004. Comparison among soil and tissue testing laboratories. In: Nursery  Technology Cooperative, 2003-2004 Annual Report. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State  University, Department of Forest Science. p. 39-47.
Ross  D, Cairns A. 1981. Nitrogen availability and microbial biomass in stockpiled  topsoils in Southland. New Zealand Journal of Science 24:137.
Rossi  P. 1999. Length of cuttings in establishment and production of short-rotation  plantations of Salix aquatica. New  Forests 18:161-177.
Roulston T, Goodell K. 2011. The role of resources and risks  in regulating wild bee populations. 
  Annual Review of  Entomology 56: 293-312.
Russell  C, Schultz C. 2010. Investigating the use of herbicides to control invasive  grasses: effects on at-risk butterflies. Journal of Insect Conservation  14(1):53-63.
Saarinen  K, Valtonen A, Jantunen J, Saarnio S. 2005. Butterflies and diurnal moths along  road verges: Does road type affect diversity and abundance? Biological  Conservation 123:403-412.
Salt  Institute. 2007. The Snowfighters Handbook. The Salt Institute, Alexandria,  Virginia. 28 p. URL: http://saltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SASS-Handbook-2016-1.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018). 
Samways  M, Caldwell P, Osborn R. 1996. Ground-living invertebrate assemblages in  native, planted and invasive vegetation in South Africa. Agriculture,  Ecosystems & Environment 59:19–32.
Sardinas H, Kremen C. 2014. Evaluating nesting microhabitat  for ground-nesting bees using emergence traps. Basic and Applied Ecology: 15(2): 61-168. 
Savolainen  O, Pyhäἴärvi  T, Knürr T. 2007. Gene flow and local adaptation in trees. Annual Review of  Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38:595-619.
Schaff  S, Pezeshki S, Shields F. 2002. Effects of pre-planting soaking on growth and  survival of black willow cuttings. Restoration Ecology 10(2):267-274.
Saunders D, Hobbs R, Margules C. 1991. Biological  consequences of ecosystem fragmentation – a review. Conservation Biology  5:18–32.
Schaffers  A, Raemakers I, Sykora K. 2012. Successful overwintering of arthropods in  roadside verges. Journal of Insect Conservation 16(4):511–522.
Schmidt  L. 2000. Guide to handling of tropical and subtropical forest seed. Humlebaek  (Denmark): Danida Forest Seed Centre.
Schooler S, Cook T, Prichard P, Yeates A. 2010.  Disturbance-mediated Competition: The Interacting Roles of Inundation Regime  and Mechanical and Herbicidal Control in Determining Native and Invasive Plant  Abundance. Biological Invasions, Vol. 12. p 3289–3298. 
Schröder  R, Schröder R., Prasse, R. 2013. From nursery into nature: a study on  performance of cultivated varieties of native plants used in re-vegetation,  their wild relatives and evolving wild × cultivar hybrids. Ecological  Engineering. 60:428-437. 
Scoggins H, Nelson P, Bailey D.  2000.   Development of the press extraction method for plug substrate analysis:  effects of variable extraction force on pH, electrical conductivity, and  nutrient analysis.  HortTechnology  10(2):367-36. 
Society  for Ecological Restoration [SER]. 2004. The SER international primer on  ecological restoration. Tuscon (AZ): Society for Ecological Restoration,  International Science and Policy Working Group. URL:http://www.ser.org (accessed 20 Aug 2006).
Settele J,  Bishop J, Potts S. 2016. Climate change impacts on pollination. Nature Plants.  Vol 2:1-3.
Shaw  N. 2004. Production and use of planting stock. In: Monsen S, Stevens R, Shaw N.  Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service,  Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 -  volumes 1-3. p. 745-768.
Sheley  R. 2005. Personal communication. Madras (OR): USDA Forest Service, Crooked  River National Grassland.
Simberloff  D, Stiling P. 1996. How risky is biological control? Ecology 77(7):1965-1974.
Skórka  P, Lenda M, Moroń D, Kalarus K, and Tryjanowski P. 2013. Factors affecting road  mortality and the suitability of road verges for butterflies. Biological  Conservation 159:148-157.
Slick  B, Curtis W. 1985. A guide for the use of organic materials as mulches in  reclamation of coal minesoils in the Eastern United States. Broomall (PA): USDA  Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. General Technical  Report NE-98. 144 p.
Sloan  R. 2001. Modified brush layers and live pole drains for landslide reclamation  [online]. Santa Barbara (CA): Erosion Control. URL: http://www.forester.net/ec_0107_biotech.html (accessed 1 Jan 2007).
Smallidge  P, Leopold D. 1997. Vegetation management for the maintenance and conservation  of butterfly habitats in temperate human-dominated habitats. Landscape and  Urban Planning 38:259–280.
Smith  M, Charvat I, Jacobson R. 1998. Arbuscular mycorrhizae promote establishment of  prairie species in a tallgrass prairie restoration. Canadian Journal of Botany  76(11):1947-1954.
Snell-Rood E, Espeset A, Boser C, White W, Smykalski R. 2014.  Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in  butterflies. Proceedings of the National  Academy of Sciences, 111(28):  10221-10226. 
Sobek  A, Skousen J, Fisher Jr S. 2000. Chemical and physical properties of  overburdens and minesoils. In: Barnhisel RI, Darmody RG, Daniels WL, editors.  Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands. Madison (WI): American Society of  Agronomy. Agronomy Monograph 41. p. 77-104.
Soderstrom  B, Hedblom M. 2007. Comparing movement of four butterfly species in  experimental grassland strips. Journal of Insect Conservation 11(4):333–342.
Sotir  R, Gray D. 1992. Soil bioengineering for upland slope protection and erosion  reduction. In: Engineering Field Handbook. Washington (DC): USDA Natural  Resources Conservation Service. EFH- 210. 61 p.
South  D, Mexal J. 1984. Growing the “best” seedling for reforestation success. Auburn  (AL): Auburn University. Forestry Department Series 12. 11 p.
South Dakota Department of Agriculture. 2006.  Windbreaks and snow management. 2p. URL: https://sdda.sd.gov/legacydocs/Forestry/publications/PDF/Windbreaks%20and%20Snow%20Management.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018).
Spangler  M, Handy R. 1973. Soil engineering. 3rd edition. New York (NY): Intext  Educational Publishers. 748 p.
Spellerberg  I. 1998. Ecological Effects of Roads  and Traffic: A Literature Review. Global Ecology and Biogeography  Letters 7(5):317-333.
Spira  T. 2001. Plant-pollinator interactions: a threatened mutualism with  implications for the ecology and management of rare plants. Natural Areas  Journal 21(1):78–88.
Spokas K, Cantrell K, Novak J, Archer D,  Ippolitor J, Collins H, Akwasi A, Boateng A, Lima I, Lamb M, McAloon A, Lentz  R, Nichols K. 2012. Journal of Environmental Quality. P 973-989. 
St  Clair B, Johnson R. 2003. Structure of genetic variation and implications for  the management of seed and planting stock. In: Riley L, Dumroese R, Landis T,  technical coordinators. National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery  Associations–2003; 2003 June 9–12; Coeur d’Alene, ID; and 2003 July 14–17;  Springfield, IL. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain  Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-33. p. 64-71.
St  Clair J, Kilkenny F, Johsnon R, Shaw N, Weaver G. 2013. Genetic variation in  adaptive traits and seed transfer zones for Pseudoroegneria  spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass) in the northwestern United States.  Evolutionary Applications 6:933-938. 
St  Clair J, Mandel N, Vance-Borland K. 2005. Genecology of Douglas fir in western  Oregon and Washington. Annals of Botany 96:1199-1214.
St  John L, Ogle D, Scianna J, Winslow S, Holzworth L. 2003. Plant materials  collection guide. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.  Plant Materials Technical Note No 1. 12 p.
St  John T. 1995. Specially-modified land imprinter inoculates soil with  mycorrhizal fungi (California). Restoration and Management Notes 14(1):84.
St  John T. 1999. Nitrate immobilization of the mycorrhizal network for control of  exotic ruderals. CalEPPC News 7(1):4-11.
Saint-Amour,  M. 1998. Evaluation of a powered auger for planting large container seedlings.  Pointe-Claire (Quebec): Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. Field  Note No. Silviculture-107. 2 p.
  State of  Illinois General Assembly-a, 2013. “Statute 605 ILCS 5/ Illinois Highway Code,  Article 4 Division 2 State Highways, Section 4-219 Context Sensitivity,” URL: http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp (accessed 5 October 2018) (Springfield, IL: Legislative Information System,  2013). 
Steed  J, DeWald L. 2003. Transplanting sedges (Carex spp.) in southwestern riparian meadows. Restoration Ecology 11(2):247-256.
Steinbrenner  E. 1981. Forest soil productivity relationships. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW,  Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA):  Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 199-229.
Steinfeld  D, Amaranthus M, Cazares E. 2003. Survival of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws.)  seedlings outplanted with Rhizopogon mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the  nursery [online]. Journal of Arboriculture 29(4). URL: http://joa.isa-arbor.com/request.asp?JournalID=1&ArticleID=94&Type=1 (accessed  3 Apr 2007).
Steinfeld  D. 2002. Blaine Road project: findings - willow seedlings and cuttings trials  [Internal memo]. Located at: Ashland Ranger District, Rogue River National  Forest, Ashland, OR. 7 p.
Steinfeld  D. 2004. Soil temperatures under mulch and no mulch on the Chiloquin Highway  revegetation project [personal files]. Located at: USDA Forest Service, Ashland  Ranger District, Rogue River National Forest, Ashland, OR.
Steinfeld  D. 2005. Summary of tree shelter temperature recordings in and outside of tree  shelters at the Canyonville planting pocket site [personal files]. Located at:  USDA Forest Service, Ashland Ranger District, Rogue River National Forest,  Ashland, OR.
Steinfeld  D, Landis T. 1990. Soil compaction. In: Hamm P, Campbell S, Hansen E, editors.  Growing healthy seedlings. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest  Research Laboratory. p. 87-91.
Stevens  R, Monsen S. 2004. Mechanical plant control. In: Monsen S, Stevens R, Shaw N,  compilers. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins (CO): USDA  Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report  RMRS-GTR-136 - vol 1. p. 65-87.
Stevens  R, Van Epps G. 1984. Seeding techniques to improve establishment of forage kochia  (Kochia prostrata [L.] Schrad.) and  fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens [Pursh.] Nutt.). In: Tiedemann A, McArthur E, Stutz H, Stevens R, Johnson K,  compilers. Proceedings- symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related  chenopods; 1983 May 2-6; Provo, UT. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service,  Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report  INT-172. p. 269-272.
Stoner  K, Joern A. 2004. Landscape vs. local habitat scale influences to insect  communities from tallgrass prairie remnants. Ecological Applications  14:1306–1320.
Strauss S, Lau J, Carroll S. 2006. Evolutionary  responses of natives to introduced species: what do introductions tell us about  natural communities? Ecology Letters 9: 357-374. 
Stryker  J. 2001. Irrigation tutorials. URL: http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/ (accessed 11 Feb 2007).
Sucoff E. 1975. Effects of deicing salts on woody  vegetation along Minnesota roads. Minn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 303. 
Sugden  E. 1985. Pollinators of Astragalus  monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): new host records; potential impact of sheep  grazing. Great Basin Naturalist 45:299–312.
Sullivan D, Cogger C, Bary A. 2007. Fertilizing  with Biosolids. PNW 508-E. 18p. URL: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw508_0.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018).
Svensson  B, Lagerlöf J, Svensson B. 2000. Habitat preferences of nest-seeking bumble  bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment  77(3):247-255.
Svihra  P, Burger D, Harris R. 1993. Treeshelters for nursery plants may increase  growth and be cost effective. California Agriculture 47(4):13-16.
Swaileh  K, Hussein R, Abu-Elhaj S. 2004. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in  roadside surface soil and vegetation from the West Bank. Archives of Environmental Contamination and  Toxicology 47(1):23–30.
Swistock  B, Mecum K, Sharpe W. 1999. Summer temperatures inside ventilated and  unventilated brown plastic treeshelters in Pennsylvania. Northern Journal of  Applied Forestry 16(1):7-10.
Tallamy  D, Shropshire K. 2009. Ranking lepidopteran use of native versus introduced  plants. Conservation Biology 23(4):941–947. 
Tanaka  Y. 1984. Assuring seed quality for seedling production: cone collection and  seed processing, testing, storage, and stratification. In: Duryea M, Landis T,  editors. Forest nursery manual: production of bareroot seedlings. Boston (MA):  Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W Junk Publishers. p. 27-40.
Teidemann  A, Lopez C. 2004. Assessing soil factors in wildland improvement programs. In:  Monsen S, Stevens R, Shaw N, compilers. Restoring western ranges and wildlands.  Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.  General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 - vol 1. p. 39-56.
Tesch  S, Helms J. 1992. Regeneration methods. In: Hobbs SD, Tesch S, Owston P,  Stewart R, Tappener II J, Wells G, editors. Reforestation practices in  southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State  University, Forest Research Laboratory. P. 166-201.
Tewksbury J, Levey D, Haddad N,  Sargent S, Orrock J, Weldon A, Danielson B, Brinkerhoff J, Damschen E, Townsend  P. 2002. Corridors affect  plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of  Sciences 99(20): 12923-12926. 
Therrell  L, Cole D, Claassen V, Ryan C, Davies M. 2006. Wilderness and backcountry site  restoration guide. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and  Development Center. Pub # 0623 2815. 394 p.
Thomas  G. 1967. Problems encountered in soil testing methods. In: Soil testing and  plant analysis. Part 1. Madison (WI): Soil Science Society of America. SSSA  Special Publication Series No. 2. p. 37-54.
Thorup  R. 1984. Ortho agronomy handbook - a practical guide to soil fertility and  fertilizer use. San Francisco (CA): Chevron Chemical Company. 454 p.
Tisdale  S, Nelson W. 1975. Soil fertility and fertilizers. New York (NY): Macmillan  Publishing Co. 694 p.
Trahan N, Peterson C. 2008. Impacts of magnesium  chloride-based deicers on roadside vegetation. In: In: Transportation Research  Board (Ed.), Proc. 6th Intl. Symposium on Snow Removal and Ice Control  Technology. Transportation Research Circular E-C126. SNOW08-050, 171-186. 
Trappe  J, Bollen W. 1981. Forest soil biology. In: Heilman P, Anderson H, Baumgartner  D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington  State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 145-155.
Trent  A, Nolte D, Wagner K. 2001. Comparison of commercial deer repellents. Missoula  (MT): USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center.  Technology Tip 0124- 2331-MTDC. 6 p.
Trombulak  S, Frissell C. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and  aquatic communities. Conservation  Biology 14(1):18-30.
Trotti  J. 2000. Hydraulic seeding and stabilization 101 [online]. Erosion control  7(8).10 p. URL: https://foresternetwork.com/weekly/erosion-control-weekly/soil/hydraulic-seeding-and-stabilization-101/  (accessed 27 December 2018).
Tuley  G. 1985. The growth of young oak trees in shelters. Forestry 58:181-195.
Tuttle  R, Wenberg R, Sotir R. 1996. Chapter 16. Streambank and shoreline protection.  In: Engineering Field Handbook. Washington (DC): USDA Natural Resources  Conservation Service. EFH- 210, Part 650. 88 p.
Tyser  RW, Worley C. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail  corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana (USA). Conservation Biology 6(2):253–262.
Ungar I. 1992. The effect of salinity and  temperature on seed germination and growth of Hordeum jubatum. Can. J. Bot.  52:1357-1362. 
University  of Minnesota Extension Service [UMES]. 2004. Soluble salts. St Paul (MN): University  of Minnesota Extension Service. BU-01731. 3 p.
University of Nevada. 2009. Effects of de-icing  salts on vegetation in the Lake Tahoe Basin. URL: http://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0205723-effects-of-de-icing-salts-on-vegetation-in-the-lake-tahoe-basin.html (accessed 5 October 2018). 
USDA  Agricultural Research Service [ARS}. 2012. Plant hardiness zone map. URL: https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2012/usda-unveils-new-plant-hardiness-zone-map/ (accessed 5 October 2018). 
USDA  Forest Service [USFS]. 1991. J Herbert Stone Nursery Annual Report. Central  Point (OR): USDA Forest Service, J Herbert Stone Nursery.
USDA  Forest Service [USFS]. 2003. BAER Manual–FSM 2523. In: USDA Forest Service.  Forest Service manual FSM 2500–watershed and air management. Washington (DC):  USDA Forest Service National Headquarters. 44 p.
USDA  Forest Service [USFS]. 2011. National strategy and implementation plan for  invasive species management. URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2011-1073.ch008 (accessed 27 December 2018).
USDA  Forest Service [USFS]. 2008. FSM 2070–Vegetation Ecology. URL https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/FSM_2070.pdf (accessed  27 December 2018).
USDA  Forest Service [USFS]. 2006. Interior Columbia Basin ecosystem management  project. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/r6/icbemp/  http://www.icbemp.gov/ (accessed 27  December 2018).
USDA  Forest Service [USFS]. 2007. Invasive plant prevention. In: Center for Invasive  Plant Management. Invasive plant management: CIPM online textbook. Bozeman  (MT): Montana State University. URL: http://www.weedcenter.org/textbook/8_prevention.html (accessed 3 Apr 2007).
USDA  Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS]. 1994. Planning and design manual  for the control of erosion, sediment, and stormwater. 1st edition [online]. Mississippi  State (MS): Mississippi State University, Agricultural and Biological  Engineering. URL: http://www.abe.msstate.edu/csd/p-dm/index.php (accessed  3 Apr 2007).
USDA  Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS]. 1997. Collecting plant  materials. Brooksville (FL): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service,  Brooksville Plant Materials Center. Technical Note No. 35. 4 p.
USDA  Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS]. 2018. Soil Textural Triangle.  URL: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054311 (accessed 26 December 2018)
Valtonen  A, Saarinen K. 2005. A highway intersection as an alternative habitat for a  meadow butterfly: effect of mowing, habitat geometry and roads on the ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus). Annales Zoologici Fennici  42(5):545-556.
Valtonen A, Saarinen K, Jantunen J. 2006. Effect  of different mowing regimes on butterflies and diurnal moths on road verges.  Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 29:133–148.
Varnes  D. 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster R, Krize R, editors.  Landslides- analysis and control. Washington (DC): National Academy of  Sciences, Transportation Research Board. Special Report 176. p. 12-33.
Visser  S, Fujikawa J, Griffiths C, Parkinson D. 1984. Effect of topsoil storage on  microbial activity, primary production and decomposition potential. Plant and  Soil 82(1):41-50.
Visser  S, Griffiths C, Parkinson D. 1984. Topsoil storage effects on primary  production and rates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development in  Agropyron trachycaulum. Plant and Soil 82(1):51-60.
Von  der Lippe M, Kowarik I. 2007. Long‐Distance  Dispersal of Plants by Vehicles as a Driver of Plant Invasions. Conservation Biology 21(4):986–996.
Walker  R. 2002. Responses of Jeffrey pine on a surface mine site to fertilizer and  lime. Restoration Ecology 10(2):204-212.
Walker  R. 2005. Growth and nutrition of Jeffrey pine seedlings on a Sierra Nevada  surface mine in response to fertilization three years after planting. Western  Journal of Applied Forestry 20(1):28-35.Ward K, Cariveau D, May E, Roswell M,  Vaughan M, Williams N, Winfree R, Isaacs R, Gill K. 2014. Streamlined bee  monitoring protocol for assessing pollinator habitat. 16 pp. The Xerces Society  for Invertebrate Conservation. URL: http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/StreamlinedBeeMonitoring_web.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018). 
Ward  K, Cariveau D, May E, Roswell M, Vaughan M, Williams N, Winfree R, Isaacs R,  and Gill K. 2014. Streamlined Bee Monitoring Protocol for Assessing Pollinator  Habitat.  Portland, OR: The Xerces  Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 16 pp.
Waring  RH, Schlesinger W. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Orlando  (FL): Academic Press. 340 p.
Warren  M. 1993. A review of butterfly conservation in central southern Britain: II.  Site management and habitat selection of key species. Biological Conservation  64(1):37–49.
Wearstler  Jr K. 2004. Considerations for collecting and vegetatively propagating poplar  woody plant materials. In: Riley L, Dumroese R, Landis T, technical  coordinators. National proceedings: forest and conservation nursery  associations–2003. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain  Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-33. p. 55-56.
Wedin  D, Tilman D. 1996. Influence of nitrogen loading and species composition on the  carbon balance of grasslands. Science 274:1720-1723.
Welker  J, Gordon D, Rice K. 1991. Capture and allocation of nitrogen by Quercus douglasii seedlings in  competition with annual and perennial grasses. Oecologia 87:459-466.
Wert  S, Thoms B. 1981. Effects of skid roads on diameter, height, and volume growth  in Douglas-fir. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45(3):629-632.
White  A, Fant J, Kramer A. In Prep. Developing genetically appropriate seed mixes of  vulnerable plant species for restoration. A component of AB White’s thesis for  a Master of Science in Plant Biology and Conservation, anticipated from  Northwestern University and Chicago Botanic Garden 2016.
Whiting  D, Card A, Wilson C. 2007. Estimating soil texture: sandy, loamy or clayey.  Fort Collins (CO): Colorado State University Extension, Colorado Master  Gardener. URL: https://studylib.net/doc/8198142/estimating-soil-texture----sandy--loamy-or-clayey%3F (accessed 27 December 2018).
Wilde  S, Corey R, Iyer J, Voigt G. 1979. Soil and plant analysis for tree culture.  5th revised edition. New Dehli (India): Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. 224 p.
Williams  D, Jackson L, Smith D. 2007. Effects of frequent mowing on survival and  persistence of forbs seeded into a species‐poor grassland. Restoration Ecology 15:24–33. 
Williams N, Cariveau D, Winfree R, Kremen C. 2011. Bees in  disturbed habitats use, but do not prefer, alien plants. Basic and Applied Ecology 12(4):332–341. 
Williams N, Crone  E, T’ai H, Minckley R, Packer L, Potts S. 2010. Ecological and life-history  traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances. Biological Conservation, 143:  2280-2291. 
Wilson  G, Hetrick B, Schwab A. 1991. Reclamation effects on mycorrhizae and productive  capacity of flue-gas desulfurization sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality  20(4):777-783.
Winfree R. 2010.  The conservation and restoration of wild bees. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1195: 69-197. 
Winfree R, Aguilar R, Vázquez  D, LeBuhn G, Aizen M. 2009. A meta-analysis of bees’ responses to anthropogenic  disturbance. Ecology 90:2068–2076.
Withrow-Robinson  B, Johnson R. 2006. Selecting native plant materials for restoration projects:  insuring local adaptation and maintaining genetic diversity. Corvallis (OR):  Oregon State University Extension Service. .
Wolf  D, Blaser R, Morse R, Neal J. 1984. Hydro-application of seed and wood-fiber  slurries to bind straw mulch. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 3(2):101-107.
Woodmansee  R, Reeder J, Berg W. 1978. Nitrogen in drastically disturbed lands. In:  Youngerg CT, editor. Forest and soil land use. Fort Collins (CO): Colorado  State University, Department of Forest and Wood Sciences. p. 376-392.
Wu  Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Zhao B, Jiang L, Chen J, Li B. 2009. Effects of saltmarsh  invasion by Spartina alterniflora. Biological Invasions 11:635–649.
Yetka  L, Galatowitsch S. 1999. Factors affecting revegetation of Carex lacustris and Carex  stricta from rhizomes. Restoration Ecology 7:162-171.
Youngberg  C. 1981. Organic matter of forest soils. In: Heilman P, Anderson H, Baumgartner  D, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington  State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 137-144.
Zoldoske  D. 1998. Selecting a drip irrigation system for vineyards. Fresno (CA): Center  for Irrigation Technology. .
Zuefle  M, Brown W, Tallamy D. 2008. Effects of non-native plants on native insect  community of Delaware. Biological Invasions 10:1159–1169.
        
  
        Back to top